tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13300154255544256742024-03-18T21:22:54.249+00:00SAINT THOMAS' CHRISTIANS OF MALABARAN ATTEMPT TO STUDY ABOUT THE THOMASINE CHRISTIANITY IN KERALA.Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.comBlogger34125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-78641134396901283522024-03-16T09:13:00.002+00:002024-03-18T21:22:17.342+00:00Syro Malabar Major Archepiscopal assembly 2024: An apraisal<p style="text-align: center;"><b>Guidelines for discussion in the Syro Malabar Major Archepiscopal Assembly 2024: My reflections</b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b>Dr Martin Thomas Antony</b></p><p><b>Syro Malabar Major Archi-episcopal assembly.</b></p><p>Syro Malabar Church is an oriental sui iuris Church in the East Syriac tradition. The fifth Major Archi episcopal assembly is going to be held in August 2024. The Major Archi episcopal assembly cannot be even considered as a shadow of the glorious Palliyogam of Syro Malabar Church(Syriac church of Malabar of Saint Thomas the Apostle). The palliyogam was the traditional governing body of the Church which had the authority in all temporal matters of the Church and community as a whole even judicial powers. The Bishops were spiritual leaders who were traditionally monks from ancient remote monasteries. The palliyogam consisted of the Desathupattakkar and laymen in different levels- <i>Edvaka palliyogam,</i>(parish level) <i>desathu palliyogam </i>(regional level)-at least 4 parishes and <i>mahapalliyogam</i>, the national level.</p><p>Today, the Syro Malabar Church lost its identity in the colonial or imperial system of Roman Catholic submission and the lay involvement is only as an advisory body. Now, in this period of Synodality in the Catholic Church, the palliyogam with its ancient glory and powers is very relevant in the Syro Malabar Church.</p><p><b>Guidelines and evoluti</b>o<b>n of working document (Linea menta and Instrumentum laboris</b></p><p>For facilitating discussion in the Major Archi episcopal assembly, a guideline or linea menta has been formulated by the Church for wider discussion to formulate a working document (Instrumentum laboris) for the Major Archi episcopal assembly.</p><p>Three themes are given in the guidelines for discussion in various levels to develop the working document for the assembly</p><p>They are.</p><p><i><b>1 Renewal of faith formation in Syro Malabar Church.</b></i></p><p><i><b>2 Strengthening the lay faithful for the effective proclamation of the Gospel</b></i></p><p><i><b>3 Empowering the Syro Malabar community.</b></i></p><p><br /></p><p>As a whole, the mindset of this guideline does not show the face of Syro Malabar Church as an oriental sui iuris Church. It gives the perception that it is an offshoot of the Roman Catholic church which happened to have a different liturgy due to historical reasons. In reality, the Roman Church and Roman Pontiffs or the Catholic Church want the Syro Malabar Church to flourish in her own genuine traditions and liturgical and theological patrimony, its own discipline and culture as an invaluable treasure, upkeeping the precious fidelity to the sources of the mystery of salvation and as an intangible divine deposit which guarantees the continuity and authenticity throughout the time from the Apostolic period.</p><p>This vision is lacking in the guidelines. Any discussion about faith formation or catechesis, evangelisation or empowering the community without giving due importance to the genuine traditions and liturgical and theological patrimony is futile. </p><p>It is very sad to see that this guideline uses several Latin terms while no Syriac terms except the word Qurbana which is a common loan word in Malayalam. Among the Church fathers quoted, none of them are of East Syriac tradition. In the Malayalam translation, the usage of Yesu instead of Isho which is the common and most popular name of Jesus in Malayalam for even Catholics of Latin tradition. This linea menta is not a document from Roman Curia but from the Syro Malabar Major Archiepiscopal curia for discussion among its members only and not for discussion in Roman Curia. Therefore, such Latin terminology could have been avoided and English terms like guideline and working document could be used instead of Linea menta and Instrumentum Laboris.</p><p>This shows the reality of Syro Malabar Church as a strongly Latinised church from top to bottom- from the Bishops’ synod, clergy and down to the common faithful. Fr E R Hambye, former Professor at the Pontifical Oriental Institute at Rome wrote in 1987 giving a realistic picture of the Syro Malabar Church:</p><p>‘<i><b>More than any other Eastern Churches in communion with Rome, the Syro Malabar Church had almost entirely lost its basic character as an Oriental reality. That loss affected not only the Liturgy but also the spirituality, theology and law. Its own people hardly knew that they were oriental. After having been told during so many centuries, that everything oriental was wrong, backward, unworthy of Catholics, one wonders how some clergy and laity could still hope for a restoration’ </b></i></p><p>The clergy of Syro Malabar Church are trained in a strongly Latinised environment. When the Syro Malabar hierarchy was re-established, the more Latinised clergy were only promoted as Bishops thus created a strongly latinised ecclesiastical and hierarchical milieu. Therefore, no wonder many of the former Prelates considered Syro Malabar Church as an offshoot of Roman Catholic Church with a variant liturgy and some of them even tried to create a unified Catholic Church in India with a concept of Indianisation. They formulated prayers and songs common for the whole Catholic Church in India and tried to wipe out age old common Syriac terms in ecclesial life like Qurbana, Mammodeesa, Oppu rushma luthiniya etc and replaced them with new ecclesial terms like Divya Bali, Jnanasnam, sthyrya lepanam, ladinj etc. Even in the translation of the Holy Bible, age old terms like Isho, M’shiha, sleeha etc are replaced with Yesu, Christhu, Apostholen etc. Famous theologian William Macomber wrote in 1977,</p><p>t<i><b>he Syro Malabar Hierarchy seems to be aiming at a modernised liturgy that will be open to Indianisation and ultimate unification with the local Latin liturgy once that too will have become Indianised. Their reforms therefore, taking the Malabarian Mass on a course that emphatically diverges from tradition…. </b></i></p><p>Now, the Universal Catholic Church has recognised the importance of Eastern Churches and changed the policy from latinising them to preserving their genuine traditions. When the Syro Malabar Bishops requested Rome to approve the Syriac translation of the Latin Pontifical for the use of syro Malabar Church, Pope Pius XI in 1934 instructed to restore the ancient Chaldean Pontifical for the use of Syro Malabar Church and constituted a commission for restoration of Syro Malabar Liturgy to its genuine purity commenting, Latinisations are not to be encouraged among the Oriental Churches, The Holy See does not want to latinise them but to Catholicise them .</p><p>The Syro Malabar Church has to come out of this cocoon of latinised hybrid milieu in all her expressions namely liturgical, spiritual, ecclesial and even civil.</p><p><b>A. Faith formation.</b></p><p><i><b>1.Mystagogical catechesis.</b></i></p><p>Faith formation is an important duty of a Church. People of God need to be formed. The recent Apostolic letter from Pope Francis ‘Desiderio Desideravi underlines the importance of liturgical formation to have a deeper encounter with Christ. Pope Francis highlights mystagogical catechesis or formation for the liturgy and the resultant formation of the people of God through the Liturgy . Catechesis cannot be separated from liturgy as the former takes inspiration from the latter where the mystery of Christ is celebrated in actu . This is a need of the time in Syro Malabar Church especially with the so called liturgical dispute. </p><p>Once the people of God received this catechesis, faith transmission would be easier. Liturgical formation of the people of God ensures formation of children in families especially with the family prayers, honouring the elders by giving them the kiss of peace and receiving the blessings in the families would prepare the mindset of children for the formal catechism lessons provided by the Church.</p><p><b><i>2.Current catechism text books and syllabus</i></b></p><p>The current Catechism text books do not reflect catechesis of an oriental sui iuris church. The syllabus needs serious revision to include lessons about the Syriac spirituality, Syriac church fathers, history of the Church etc. At present, even many of the trained clergy of Syro Malabar Church are illiterate about Mar Aphrahat, Mar Aprem Mar Narsai and other Syriac Fathers, they are very fluent to talk about Saint Augustine, Aquinas and Saint Francis of Assissi. This must change. We need to introduce the Church Fathers and saints of the Syriac tradition. Our current concept of Church Fathers and Saints are orientated to the Western Church. </p><p>The illustrations in the catechism textbooks also do not reflect a church of Syriac tradition. Eastern icons should be introduced through the text books which would give real visual impression and formation to children. Liturgical signs and symbols, architecture, liturgical objects, vestments etc should be part of catechesis. Recently Pope Francis explained about the altar veil that these are architectural or ritual elements that speak not of distance from God but rather heighten the mystery of the condescention of the synkatabasis by which the Word came and continues to come to the world. Such architectural and ritual elements are authentic representation of the genuine fidelity to the uniqueness of such traditions which are part of the fullness of revelation and part of expressions of faith in Catholic Church. </p><p><b><i>3.Catechism of Syro Malabar Church in line with Catechism of Ukrainian Catholic Church.</i></b></p><p>Most of us use Catechism of the Catholic Church to refer to faith matters. This may risk misinterpreting what is given for Roman rite, the most numerous among Catholic Churches. Many Eastern Catholic Churches have their own Catechism of their particular Church based on Catechism of Catholic Church with appropriate modifications particular to their own Church sui iuris. Catechism of the Ukrainian Catholic Church is an example . The Church should create a commission to formulate Catechism of Syro Malabar Church based on Catechism of Catholic Church adapted to Syro Malabar Church.</p><p><b>B. Strengthening the lay faithful for the effective proclamation of the Gospel</b></p><p>Proclamation of Gospel or evangelisation is the most important duty of the Church and faithful. That is the mission entrusted to all faithful by our Lord- Go into the whole World and proclaim the gospel to all creation. (Mark 16:15). Evangelisation is showing our Lord to other people. This can be by proclamation, preaching and by one’s words and deeds. Public proclamation and preaching are not easy, but such acts should not hurt others. We should not character assassinate our fellow beings based on their faith. Lay faithful are called to live in their families and communities. They can show the M’shiha where ever they are through their words and deeds and behaviour. The Church should promote the lay faithful to live a life that is modelled in the M’shiha and excel in their community. Thus, they are showing the God to others, showing the love and mercy to others. Every faithful should become an alter christus. </p><p>Preaching ministry should be based in the parishes. Our Lord founded the Church on the Apostles. Their descendants became Bishops in those congregations. Even in the Biblical period itself, deacons were consecrated. M’shiha did not intend the Church be a person orientated or an organisation orientated. His disciples and their disciples modelled the Church as intended by our Lord as they were the primary witnesses of our Lord. Tradition is very important here. The primitive church was based around a Bishop, priests as his vicars, Deacons and deaconesses. Communion of these churches or congregations constituted the Catholic Church. Evangelisation is based around these Churches. </p><p>Celebrity preachers and their affiliation groups which run parallel to the Apostolic Churches was not the intention of our Lord. They often teach based on their whims and fancies and it is sad to see that the Apostolic Church leaders like Bishops who were selected by Him go around these groups. </p><p>Such groups and organisations mentioned in the linea menta are generally not orientated as belonging to Syro Malabar Church as an oriental sui iuris Church. They often proclaim themselves as Catholic and follow the Roman rite and rituals, that too in a liberal sense. They generally promote a single rite and do not accept the reality of Catholic church as a communion of 24 sui iuris Churches. They consider the different Churches sui iuris are to be avoided to have a single Catholic Church. They do not understand that these 24 churches including Roman rite are equal in status, not any one superior to others and these are 24 expressions of faith. All these expressions together constitute the fullness of revelations and the Catholic Church.</p><p>The Syro Malabar Church need to take serious and immediate steps to control and transform these person or organisation oriented groups to be the main fold of the Church, her Eparchies and parishes. People of God should not be distracted from and separated from their Churches sui iuris. Instructions for applying the Liturgical Prescriptions for the code of canons of the Eastern Churches, a legally binding important document issued by the Holy See in 1996 is very clear in condemning any attempts to distance the Eastern faithful from their Churches, whether in an explicit manner with its juridical consequences inducing them from one church sui iuris to another, or in a less explicit manner, favouring them to acquire forms of thought, spirituality and devotions that are not coherent with their own ecclesial heritage .</p><p>It is very clear that the organisations and groups mentioned in the linea menta involved with lay movements for evangelisation are obviously inducing people of God in Syro Malabar Church to acquire the spirituality and piety and devotions of Roman Rite of Catholic Church and thus violating instructions No:10 and thus acting against the official teaching of catholic church. These organisations and movements need strict formation and control by the Catholic Church in Kerala.</p><p><b>C. Empowering the Syro Malabar Community.</b></p><p><b>1.Spiritual</b></p><p><b><i>a. Empowering the community by full restoration and liturgical maturation.</i></b></p><p>It is the right of all eastern faithful to have their liturgy and sacraments in their own rite and according to the prescriptions . Even though Syro Malabar Church has a status of sui iris Church in the Catholic communion, it is still a strongly latinised hybrid church. Empowerment of the Church and community needs rigorous formation of the faithful and the clergy to understand the identity and individuality and the importance of the unique liturgical traditions to enable liturgical maturation and thereby the Church and the community restored to the genuine liturgical, theological and cultural traditions. </p><p>Restoration of all rubrics and rites in liturgical and para liturgical and sacramental heritage is necessary for the spiritual empowerment of the laity. This involves restoration of liturgical architecture like bema, altar veil, incense, maksaneethsa, sacraments of initiation, communion of infants, leavened bread or Malka for liturgy and so on.</p><p>Permanent deaconate and other minor orders should be restored to facilitate proper celebration of liturgy . Deaconesses should also be restored to empower women religious in our Church.</p><p> </p><p><b>2.Temporal.</b></p><p><b><i>a. Palliyogam and governance- synodality.</i></b></p><p>The governance of the Church should be according to the ancient tradition and practice by the paliyogam or synod. The primitive church of the Apostles and disciples were governed by the synods. Pope Francis’s synod on synodality is also an example of Catholic church moving away from the imperial or colonial system to a synodal system. Serious efforts to be made to restore the palliyogam with its executive and ecclesial powers. Our palliyogam had judicial powers also when the society was governed by the kings. Now, in this democratic society, judicial powers should be left with the society in general and its Government. But the temporal matters of the Church should be governed by the palliyogam. Spiritual matters should be left with the Bishops’ synod. There should be a role for the palliyogam in selection of Bishops and clergy also according to the ancient practice. The Priests were ordained only with the consent of the desathu palliyogam. Accordig to the tradition, whenever there was a need for a Bishop, the mahapalliyogam or the national palliyogam sends a delegation of clergy and laity to the remote monasteries to select an appropriate monk to become the Bishop. In principle, this traditional practice should be restored with a say for the laity as well in selection of Bishops. This is the practice among our Orthodox brethren in Kerala. There should be strict guidelines for selection of Bishop who is the moderator and director of all liturgical activities. As the sources and roots of Syro Malabar Church are in Syriac language, basic knowledge in Syriac language, knowledge and experience in celebrating the Holy Raza etc should me mandatory for a Bishopric candidate apart from acceptability among the clergy and laity. According to the principles of Synodality in Catholic Church, the Church should listen to everyone to understand and discern the voice of Ruha D Khudsha.</p><p><i><b>b. Socio cultural</b></i></p><p>The Syro Malabar community had a very important place in the society which is lost now. This is due to lack of people in civil services, politics etc. Some of these issues are due to our own failure by not making use of our educational institutions where party politics was banned creating a generation of youngsters with political apathy and with no civic sense made our community alienated from the wider society. This is seen in every strata of the society now. Most of our people lost their identity as a Syrian catholic community and with financial disability and lack of jobs started migrating. This issue should be addressed properly. Bishops synod or clergy alone cannot do this. Proper synodality and restored palliyogam with its ancient glory is essential for achieving this.</p><p><b><i>c. Counter witness by clergy and resultant apathy</i></b></p><p>In the recent past, scandalous activities among the clergy resulted in counter witness in the society. Groupism and related accusations, stubbornness among the clergy, indiscipline and anarchy etc and sectarian rivalry among a section of clergy and resultant character assassination of even the hierarchy resulted in a lot of apathy among the faithful. Strong efforts should be taken to resolve the widening gap between clergy and laity and to ensure proper formation and strict discipline among the clergy and enhancing transparency. Once the community achieve a sense of identity by formation, controlling the groupism and anarchy among clergy, financial stability, restoration of socio cultural status, people start loving the Church and that would result in a boost of community sense. </p><p><b><i>d. Issues peculiar to diaspora communities.</i></b></p><p>Syro Malabar diaspora are economic migrants who would want to assimilate in the society they are in. They are all well educated people who have become integrated in all the strata of society. Faith formation and faith transmission are very important as a Syro Malabar community but we should make all efforts to express our presence in the Society. We need to encourage our faithful to excel in their jobs and the roles in the society. We need to upbring our generation in all strata of life in the migrant country. Our Church and community should be seen prominently in the society by proper collaborative leadership and involvement in politics, social concerns, media etc. Efforts to encourage social services and charity activities should be taken seriously. </p><p><br /></p><p><b>Conclusion</b></p><p>In this period of Synodality in Catholic Church, it is important to have a synodal listening in our Church which is an inherently Synodal Church. Sense of identity and individuality, a vision for restoring the liturgical traditions to its genuine authenticity, an ecclesial sense of unity and transparency are needed for any discussions and listening exercises. Let us pray that the Ruha d Khudsha help us to talk, listen and discern to achieve salvation of our’s and others through our special call by our Lord to be in the Syro Malabar Church.</p><p><br /></p>Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-33863618686581322022023-03-23T21:55:00.005+00:002023-03-23T22:04:11.775+00:00Mar Joseph Powathil, The Crown of the Church<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Mar Joseph Powathil, The Crown of the
Church<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dr Martin Thomas Antony<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i><span style="color: red;">‘In a time of
Liturgical confusion, you lived and defended the right position with
determination. Because of your fidelity to the oriental form of the liturgy
against all distorting temptations, you had to suffer hostility, which you bore
with love to the truth’</span>.</i><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><i>[</i>1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
(Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Archbishop Mar Joseph Powathil passes into eternal happiness
with the Lord.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He will be remembered as
a Bishop who worked hard to revive the identity of the Syro Malabar Church. He <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lead the Church to the complete restoration of
the Holy Eucharistic liturgy of the Apostolic Church of Saint Thomas in India
to its genuine purity from its mutilated state.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Pope Benedict XVI acclaimed Mar Joseph Powathil as the Crown
of the Church during the ad limina visit of the Bishops of Syro Malabar Church
in May 2011.<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Mar
Joseph was the first Syro Malabar Bishop consecrated by a Pope and the only
Syro Malabar Bishop consecrated by a Saint - Pope Paul VI on 13 February 1972
in Rome<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Archbishop Joseph Powathil was a Bishop for 51 years and a
priest for 60 years in the Syro Malabar Church<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Mar Powathil served as the president of the Catholic Bishops Conference of
India (CBCI) 1994- 1998, President of the Kerala Catholic Bishops Conference
(KCBC) 1993-1996, KCBC commission for education 1986-2007, founder and chairman
of the Inter-Church Council for Education<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1986-2007, member of the Pro Oriente foundation in Vienna Austria 1993-
2007, member of the post-Asian synodal council Rome<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1998- -2007<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
He was a staunch defender of the teachings of the Church. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Brief Biography<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Archbishop Joseph was born on 14 August 1930 as P J Joseph (Pappachan)
in Kurumpanadom near Changancherry to John Powathil and Mariakutty. He had his
primary education in Holy Family L P school and Saint Peter’s U P School
Kurumpanadom, Changanacherry<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
His higher education was in Saint Berchmann’s College Chanaganacherry. He did
his post-graduation in Economics at Loyola College Chennai before joining the
petit seminary in Changanacherry. He then went to Papal seminary in Pune and was
ordained as a Priest on 03 October 1962<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
He then joined Saint Berchmann’s College Chanaganacherry in 1962. During his
campus ministry, he was very keen on the formation of the students. He was the
warden of Saint Joseph’s Hostel and his students commented that it was like a
seminary. <a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>He
also studied at Oxford University in England in 1969 for a Post Graduate Diploma
in Developmental Economics<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">He became the auxiliary Bishop of Chanagancherry and was
consecrated as a Bishop in Rome by Saint Pope Paul VI on 13 February 1972<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Mar Powathil worked with Archbishop Antony Padiyara who later became the first
Reesh Methrapolitha /Major Archbishop of Syro Malabar Church. When the Eparchy
of Kanjirappalli was erected by the Holy See in 1977, Mar Joseph became the first
Bishop and contributed to the development of the new Eparchy in all aspects for
9 years. When Metropolitan Archbishop Mar Antony Padiyara was appointed as the
Archbishop of Ernakulam in 1985, Mar Joseph Powathil became the Metropolitan Archbishop
of Chanagancherry. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Efforts to recover the identity of Syro Malabar Church.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Archbishop Joseph Powathil pioneered to restore the authentic
identity of the Syro Malabar Church from a mutilated hybrid identity of a
strongly Latinised Eastern Church. Most of its leaders like Bishops and clergy perceived
Syro Malabar Church as an offshoot of the Latin church with a variant liturgy. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Fr E R Hambye, Professor at the Pontifical Oriental
Institute at Rome wrote in 1987 giving a realistic picture of the Syro Malabar
Church: <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: red;">More than any other Eastern Churches in communion with
Rome, the Syro Malabar Church had almost entirely lost its basic character as
an Oriental reality. That loss affected not only the Liturgy but also the
spirituality, theology and law. Its own people hardly knew that they were
oriental. After having been told during so many centuries, that everything
oriental was wrong, backward, unworthy of Catholics, one wonders how<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>some clergy and laity<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>could still hope for a restoration</span><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The hierarchy at that time wanted to rectify the anomaly of
Syro Malabar Church having a different liturgy than the rest of the Catholics
in India and to make a single rite in India by merging with the Latin church of
India in the name of so-called Indianisation. Eminent Roman Catholic theologian
William Macomber wrote in 1977:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<i><span style="color: red;">The Hierarchy
seems to be aiming at a modernised liturgy that will be open to Indianisation
and ultimate unification with the local Latin liturgy once that too will have
become Indianised. Their reforms, therefore, taking the Malabarian Mass on a
course that emphatically diverges from tradition…”</span><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As a member of the central Liturgical Committee of the
Church, Mar Powathil lead the movement for the restoration of the Liturgy of
Syro Malabar Church to its genuine purity but he faced significant opposition
from his fellow Bishops. As the magisterium of the Church teaches against undue
adaptations and innovations in divine liturgy, Rome favoured the restoration of
the ancient liturgy to its genuine purity. During the Pontifical visit to
India,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saint Pope John Paul II
inaugurated the newly reformed Holy Raza at Kottayam on 8 February 1986.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Magisterial teachings of the Church about the restoration
of Liturgy<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">After the Vatican Council II, the Roman Catholic Church
recognised the importance of the Eastern Churches, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>their rich and meaningful liturgical heritage,
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>their genuine rights and their lawful
autonomy. In the conciliar and post-conciliar documents, the Roman Pontiffs
clearly expressed their desire that all eastern Catholic churches return to
their genuine traditions if they had made undue and inopportune modifications
in the past due to various reasons. Saint Pope John Paul II in a homily during Armenian
Liturgy in 1987 expressed the firm attitude of the Holy See that those eastern
Catholic churches should have the courage to re-discover the authentic
traditions of their own identity and restore them to their original purity<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
The Holy See of Rome specifies that these Eastern Churches shine with the
tradition derived from the Apostles through the Fathers which constitutes part
of the divinely revealed undivided heritage of the Universal Church<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
The Eastern Churches maintained a more direct continuity with the spiritual
atmosphere of the Christian origins and therefore, it is not a sign of stagnation
or backwardness but of precious fidelity to the sources of salvation if they
foster their genuine traditions<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
The Universal Church further specifies that in the organic growth of every
eastern Catholic Church, any liturgical renewal should be taking into account
the roots from which the heritage of these Churches developed mainly Jerusalem,
Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, Armenia and Persia, and how these
traditions were transmitted adapting the various circumstances in these places
but maintaining a coherent organic continuity<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Saint Pope Paul VI clearly instructs, any liturgical renewal should be coherent
and agree with sound tradition in such a way that the new norms do not appear
as an extraneous body forced into an ecclesiastical composite, but blossom as
though spontaneously from already existing norms<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn17" name="_ednref17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Pope Francis’s recent Apostolic letter <i>Desiderio
desideravi</i> which exhorts for the liturgical formation of the faithful clarifies
that ‘every aspect of the celebration must be carefully tended to space, time,
gestures, words, objects, vestments, song, music etc. and every rubric must be
observed. Such attention would be enough to prevent robbing from the assembly
what we owed to it; namely, the paschal mystery celebrated according to the
ritual that the church sets down’<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn18" name="_ednref18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">From these, one can see Mar Powathil as a Bishop who was
obedient to the teachings of the Church and stood firmly for it rather than diluting
his stands to gain support for positions and power. This was p[erceived as his stubbornness.
He was an example of a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>synodal Bishop
who walked together with the Universal Church.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Formation of faithful- a generation of Syro Malabar
faithful.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mar Powathil was very passionate about the formation of the
clergy and faithful. When the restored Holy Raza was introduced, Mar Powathil
took all efforts to teach the ordinary faithful. This author remembers that the
Priests in the Archeparchy gave catechesis during the Sunday homilies for
months before the introduction of the newly reformed Holy Qurbana in 1986. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Institutions like Missionary Orientation Centre, Amala
Theological College, Mar Thoma Vidyanikethan, Denahalaya, CANA etc are examples
of his vision. He was also involved in promoting periodicals like Dukrana,
Christian Orient etc. He also founded an eastern monastic community for women,
Sisters of Saint Thomas.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">During his pastoral ministry, Mar Powathil created a
generation of faithful who were passionate about Syro Malabar Church as an
oriental Church. Now, this has grown into a much wider second-generation spread
among all the eparchies and regions of the Syro Malabar Church. This young
generation takes a keen interest in studying the Church and traditions and trying
to restore the lost traditions. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Youth Ministry<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While he was the auxiliary Bishop of Chanaganacherry, he
founded the diocesan Youth movement Yuva deepthi which spread to other dioceses
and became the Kerala Catholic Youth Movement.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Ecumenism and religious harmony<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The leadership of Mar Powathil created an ecumenical culture
in Kerala with cooperation with other Churches in areas of common interest like
education, minority rights etc. which bore fruits. He upheld the rights of minority
communities in education. Inter-Church council for education is an example. He
significantly contributed to dialogues between Catholic Church and other
oriental Churches. He was a member of the Pro oriente foundation in Vienna.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Minority and Educational rights.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mar Joseph Powathil was a judicious Bishop whenever there
were any challenges for the faith or minority rights. This was seen in his
interventions and leadership concerning policies of various governments in the
educational sector, self-financing colleges etc. Mar Powathil was the first one
to identify the violation of the Indian Constitution in the unanimously passed Self-financing
colleges bill. The General public in Kerala witnessed his knowledge and
powerful leadership in 2006 when the government tried to take away the minority
rights in the self-financing colleges' bill<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn19" name="_ednref19" style="mso-endnote-id: edn19;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Charity and social service<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mar Powathil founded the Perumedu Development Society,
Malanadu Development Society, Changancherry Social Service Society and Kuttanadu
Vikasana Samithy for the integral development of the people of these regions. He
took special care of marginalised people such as mentally challenged children
and physically handicapped and founded institutions to support them such as the
Asha Bhavan of Ithithanam<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn20" name="_ednref20" style="mso-endnote-id: edn20;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
There are 19 schools for mentally challenged children in the Archeparchy. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Controversies and hate propaganda against Mar Powathil.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Nilakkal Cross.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Nilakkal issue created controversy among the
multicultural community in Kerala and it was successfully resolved with a solution
acceptable to all communities by his prudent leadership. Mar Powathil was accused
of manipulation of facts behind the stories of a granite cross found in
Nilakkal near Sabari mala temple. But the fact is that there had been
excavations in Nilakkal in the 1920s and publications in Archaeological Journals
like ‘The Indian Antiquary’ in 1923 about evidence of an ancient settlement of
Christians in Nilakkal of an area of 4 miles by 3 miles, west of the Sabari mala
temple with ruins of old houses and church with granite lined wells and part of
a cross with inscriptions<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn21" name="_ednref21" style="mso-endnote-id: edn21;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
This proves that even before Mar Joseph Powathil was born, there was
archaeological evidence of a Christian settlement in Nilakkal. T K Joseph,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the author of the paper in Indian Antiquary vouches
for the tradition of their Church at Chengannur founded in AD 1244-45 emigrated
from Nilakkal due to the ravages of wild beasts and locusts<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn22" name="_ednref22" style="mso-endnote-id: edn22;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Mar Thoma Sleeva <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Another accusation by opponents in the Church was that the Saint
Thomas Crosses were the invention of Mar Powathil. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An article in Ernakulam MiJesusssam, the
official journal of the archdiocese of Ernaculam in <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>February 1930 by Mar Augustine Kandathil, the
then head of Syro Malabar Hierarchy narrates about the discovery of Alengad
sleeva by Fr Joseph Panjikkaren. The title of the article itself is ancient Apostle
Thomas Cross of Alengad.<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn23" name="_ednref23" style="mso-endnote-id: edn23;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This article was published well before the birth of Archbishop Joseph Powathil.!
Antonio Gouvea who wrote the book Jornada in AD 1606 narrates that the crosses
similar to that of the miraculous cross of Mailappore were very common in the old
churches of Saint Thomas Christians at the time of the visit of Archbishop
Menezes and these crosses were called by the native Christians as crosses of
Saint Thomas<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn24" name="_ednref24" style="mso-endnote-id: edn24;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. Therefore,
it is a fact that the Christians of Saint Thomas at the time of Archbishop Menezes’s
visit in AD 1599 used crosses similar to the miraculous cross of Mailappore and
they called these crosses as Crosses of Saint Thomas. These clarify that the
use of these Mar Thoma Sleevas as altar crosses was genuinely the tradition of
our forefathers and they called these crosses Saint Thomas Crosses even though
there is no hard evidence that Apostle Thomas brought these crosses.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Hate propaganda against Mar Powathil</b>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Due to the difference in opinion about the liturgical issues
in the 1980s and the fact that Rome favoured Mar Powathil concerning the
restoration of Liturgy, there was strong hate propaganda against him from the
corners of the Church itself. There was public agitation in certain corners of
Kerala unhesitatingly stating’ do not appoint Mar Powathil as the next major
Archbishop’. When this author was working as a Surgeon at Medical College
Hospital at Trichur in 1994-1997, there were widespread posters stating the
same on the walls of Syro Malabar Churches in the city of Trichur. This was a shock
to this author as this appeared sponsored by the Church leadership. This was negative
propaganda. It would have been better and more Christian in spirit if this
agitation was supporting any other person as the Major Archbishop rather than
against a particular person. Therefore, letters were sent to all the Syro
Malabar Bishops at that time pointing out this as hate propaganda and
negativism which is against Christian principles. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The author has not received any replies from
any of the then Bishops! <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the later
years, the general public could witness Bishops and Archbishops inviting him to
talk for their agitation against the policies of Government in the Education
sector and so on, in the same cities where pompous processions and vivid
posters were displayed against him.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mar Powathil was humiliated by a section of hatemongers in
the Church. He tolerated the widespread character assassination and humiliation
by the negative propagandists in the Church in Christian principles of love and
forgiveness. These dirty politics led the Church far away from the destined
direction. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The ministry of Mar Joseph Powathil was so successful that
it has helped to revive the Apostolic Church from its mutilated hybrid
spirituality. When Mar Powathil became a Bishop, the Syro Malabar Church was a
strongly Latinised Church with a hybrid spirituality with a restricted
territory in Middle Kerala. Now the Syro Malabar Church has become an oriental
Church with oriental liturgy, discipline, theology, church architecture, vestments
etc with jurisdiction all over India and several Eparchies outside India making
it a global Church. All these achievements were due to the hard work and
inspiration of Mar Powathil.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches canon 199 indicates
the role of the Eparchial Bishop as the moderator, promoter and guardian of the
entire liturgical life of the Eparchy<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_edn25" name="_ednref25" style="mso-endnote-id: edn25;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Mar Powathil was a model for this and an ever-vigilant Bishop who stood for the
promotion and revival of the liturgy, spirituality, discipline and culture of
the ancient Apostolic Church of Saint Thomas in India.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mar Powathil was the most appropriate person to become the Major
Archbishop at that time which was prevented by hate mongers in the Church. Pope
Benedict XVI called him publicly ‘Here comes the Crown of the Church’. Even
though he did not become the Major Archbishop, he was the crown of the Church,
the real Patriarch. <o:p></o:p></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Picture
courtesy: CCBI Conference of Catholic Bishops in
India.(https://ccbi.in/archbishop-mar-joseph-powathil-passes-away/ accessed on
20/8/2023)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI in a personal letter addressed to Mar Joseph
Powathil on Nov 8, 2019.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <a href="https://time.news/mar-joseph-powathil-and-pope-benedict-xvi-malayalam-news-world-news-manorama-online/">https://time.news/mar-joseph-powathil-and-pope-benedict-xvi-malayalam-news-world-news-manorama-online/</a>
accessed on 18/03/23<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <a href="http://marjosephpowathil.blogspot.com/">http://marjosephpowathil.blogspot.com/</a>
accessed on 18/03/2023<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <a href="https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bpowathil.html">https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bpowathil.html</a>
accessed on 18/03/2023<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <a href="https://ccbi.in/archbishop-mar-joseph-powathil-passes-away/">https://ccbi.in/archbishop-mar-joseph-powathil-passes-away/</a>
accessed on 18/03/2023<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <a href="https://thesyromalabarchurch.blogspot.com/2012/08/MarJosephPowathil.html?fbclid=IwAR08-evp4INXP8bOsqlO3GW40f6RUBsF7Z4Q2Qh3EI2M1mWGW5h833Y2_QM">https://thesyromalabarchurch.blogspot.com/2012/08/MarJosephPowathil.html?fbclid=IwAR08-evp4INXP8bOsqlO3GW40f6RUBsF7Z4Q2Qh3EI2M1mWGW5h833Y2_QM</a>
accessed on 18/03/2013<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/archbishop-emeritus-mar-joseph-powathil-passes-away/article66635764.ece">https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/archbishop-emeritus-mar-joseph-powathil-passes-away/article66635764.ece</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://marjosephpowathil.blogspot.com/">http://marjosephpowathil.blogspot.com/</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>accessed on 18/03/2013<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Crown of the Church, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVWn5nnNzm8&t=130s">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVWn5nnNzm8&t=130s</a>
accessed on 18/03/2013<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Crown
of the Church, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVWn5nnNzm8&t=130s">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVWn5nnNzm8&t=130s</a>
accessed on 18/03/2013<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <a href="http://marjosephpowathil.blogspot.com/">http://marjosephpowathil.blogspot.com/</a>
accessed on 18/03/2023<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Fr
E R Hambye, S J, Professor at the Pontifical Oriental Institute Rome, Eastern
Churches in India and the Syrian tradition, Seminarium, No 3, July-Sep 1987, pp
373-374<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> William
Macomber, A History of Chaldean mass, Worship, vol 51, 1977, pp107-120<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Pope Saint John Paul II, Homily during the Divine Liturgy in Armenian Rite on
21 November 1987, L ‘Osservatore Romano 23-24 November<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1987 p 6.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref14" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Achille
Cardinal Sylvestrini, Prefect of the Congregation of the Eastern Churches, Instructions
for applying the Liturgical Principles for the Code of Canons of the Eastern
Churches, No 9, 6 January 1996<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn15" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref15" name="_edn15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Achille
Cardinal Sylvestrini, Prefect of the Congregation of the Eastern Churches,
Instructions for applying the Liturgical Principles for the Code of Canons of
the Eastern Churches, No 7, 6 January 1996<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn16" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref16" name="_edn16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Achille
Cardinal Sylvestrini, Prefect of the Congregation of the Eastern Churches,
Instructions for applying the Liturgical Principles for the Code of Canons of
the Eastern Churches, No 12, 6 January 1996<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn17" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref17" name="_edn17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Saint Pope Paul VI, Discourse of 18 March 1974: nauntia 1 (1975) 6 cited in Achille
Cardinal Sylvestrini, Prefect of the Congregation of the Eastern Churches,
Instructions for applying the Liturgical Principles for the Code of Canons of
the Eastern Churches, No 12, 6 January 1996<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn18" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref18" name="_edn18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Pope
Francis, Desiderio Desideravi, No 23<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn19" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref19" name="_edn19" style="mso-endnote-id: edn19;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <a href="https://thesyromalabarchurch.blogspot.com/2012/08/MarJosephPowathil.html?fbclid=IwAR08-evp4INXP8bOsqlO3GW40f6RUBsF7Z4Q2Qh3EI2M1mWGW5h833Y2_QM">https://thesyromalabarchurch.blogspot.com/2012/08/MarJosephPowathil.html?fbclid=IwAR08-evp4INXP8bOsqlO3GW40f6RUBsF7Z4Q2Qh3EI2M1mWGW5h833Y2_QM</a>
accessed oln 18/03/2023<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn20" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref20" name="_edn20" style="mso-endnote-id: edn20;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <a href="https://thesyromalabarchurch.blogspot.com/2012/08/MarJosephPowathil.html?fbclid=IwAR08-evp4INXP8bOsqlO3GW40f6RUBsF7Z4Q2Qh3EI2M1mWGW5h833Y2_QM">https://thesyromalabarchurch.blogspot.com/2012/08/MarJosephPowathil.html?fbclid=IwAR08-evp4INXP8bOsqlO3GW40f6RUBsF7Z4Q2Qh3EI2M1mWGW5h833Y2_QM</a>
accessed on 18/03/2023<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn21" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref21" name="_edn21" style="mso-endnote-id: edn21;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> T
K Joseph, A Greek inscription in Chayal, Malabar Miscellany, Indian Antiquary
Dec 1023, p 356-357<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn22" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref22" name="_edn22" style="mso-endnote-id: edn22;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> T
K Joseph, A Greek inscription in Chayal, Malabar Miscellany, Indian Antiquary
Dec 1023, p 356<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn23" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref23" name="_edn23" style="mso-endnote-id: edn23;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Alengatte
Purathana Thoma sleeha Kurish (Malayalam) Ernakulam Missam, February 1930, pp
78-79.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn24" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref24" name="_edn24" style="mso-endnote-id: edn24;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Pius Malekkandathil, Jornada of Dom Alexis De Menezes, LRC Cochin, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p244 also foot note 177 on page 216 and foot
note 190 in page 245<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn25" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Mar%20Joseph%20Powathil%20the%20Crown%20of%20the%20Church.docx#_ednref25" name="_edn25" style="mso-endnote-id: edn25;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Achille Cardinal Sylvestrini, Prefect of the
Congregation of the Eastern Churches, Instructions for applying the Liturgical
Principles for the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, No 23, 6 January
1996<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-21451549421987697112022-11-29T19:49:00.002+00:002022-12-06T21:01:12.320+00:00 Synodality of Catholic Church and Eastern Churches: European Perspective<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Enlarge
the space of your tent Is 54:2<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">The tent is a space of communion, participation and
mission. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Europe as a continent is the cradle of many Eastern
Churches, especially of the Greek tradition. Many Eastern Churches of Syriac
origin are also prominently present in Europe as migrants either due to war and
persecution or from economic perspectives. Syro Malabar Church in Europe is an
example of a Syriac Church that migrated to Europe from an economic perspective
in terms of quality of life, economic stability, and educational and job
opportunities. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">The native Church in Europe always welcomed the
Eastern Churches. The Catholic Church through its numerous magisterial documents
and exhortations appreciated the importance of Eastern Churches and their
heritage especially the richness of their liturgico theological rituals and
rubrics. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">For Catholic Church, enlarging the space of the tent is widening
the acceptance, appreciation and promotion of Eastern Churches in Europe to contribute,
complement and collaborate. Through this collaboration, the revealed mysteries
in different perspectives manifested in different individual particular
churches complement together to make the Catholic Church more Catholic. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Catholic- Universal inclusiveness.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">The term Catholic was first used by Saint Ignatius of
Rome who was a disciple of Saint John, the Evangelist. Saint Ignatius of Rome
in his Epistles to Smyrneans wrote in AD 110 that the Catholic Church is the
Universal Church<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Synod%20Rome/Continental%20stage/Eastern%20Churches.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
In a letter of the Church of Smyrna on the occasion of the martyrdom of Saint
Polycarp (69-155 AD) the term ‘catholic’ again appears with a meaning that the catholic
church is the aggregation of all local churches and congregations<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Synod%20Rome/Continental%20stage/Eastern%20Churches.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. Saint Cyril of Jerusalem
of the fourth century wrote ‘the Church is Catholic not just because it spread
all over the World, but it teaches all the doctrines completely and without
defect<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Synod%20Rome/Continental%20stage/Eastern%20Churches.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. The term Catholic is not
just the universal presence of the Church but the universal inclusiveness of
all traditions and cultures. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">In this perspective, the Synodality of the Catholic
Church is a synodality of all Christian traditions. People of God of all traditions
should walk together contributing and complementing the revealed mysteries of
salvation. Therefore, this synodality should be aimed at supporting and promoting
the Eastern Churches. There needs to be a lot of formation needed for both the
native Churches of Europe and the migrant churches in Europe. There have to be efforts
to create an increased awareness among the native churches about the different
streams of Christianity, different traditions and rituals and their theological
base. Similarly, there have to be efforts to increase the awareness of the rich
liturgical traditions and spirituality of Eastern Churches, their contributory
role and the importance of preserving and promoting them among the migrant
eastern Churches. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most of the rituals
and traditions manifested in Eastern Churches are ancient and apostolic and sub-apostolic
in origin and therefore they are more Fidel to the Church in its origins and
sources of salvation<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Synod%20Rome/Continental%20stage/Eastern%20Churches.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
There are eastern Churches in communion with Rome and their respective
counterparts not in communion with Rome cohabiting in Europe. The cohabitation
and promotion of these individual churches in Catholic communion and out of
Catholic communion in Europe should be taken in principle, supporting and respecting
each other and also hampering any activities widening the separation between
them. Therefore, any parallel or hybrid spirituality evolving in the Catholic
Eastern Churches due to their long-term relations with Rome should be
prohibited to allow reconciliation with their non-catholic counterparts. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">A synodality without accepting and respecting the non-catholic
Eastern Churches in Europe is a counter-witness of Jesus Christ. The existence
of non-catholic Eastern Churches is a scandal for the Synodality of the Catholic
Church. Catholic Church should do all efforts to reconcile with the Eastern
Churches to widen the tent. It is actually<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>(….)making
room for their diversity. It entails a willingness to die to self out of love,
finding oneself again in and through a relationship with Christ(….)<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Synod%20Rome/Continental%20stage/Eastern%20Churches.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">This action needs a mentality of Christ as seen in Phil
2:5-7 as narrated in the Anaphora of Theodore of the Syro Malabar Qurbana.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">(….) though he was in the form of God, did
not regard equality with God something to be grasped. Rather, he emptied
himself taking the form of a slave, coming in human likeness<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Synod%20Rome/Continental%20stage/Eastern%20Churches.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">The dignity of Eastern Churches and
Ecumenism.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">The Catholic Church historically chipped some of the members
of the Eastern Churches into the communion in an Imperial way creating parallel
churches and they are the Eastern Catholic Churches. This action created
division in those churches and they are not walking together. These Eastern
Catholic Churches tried to become carbon copies of the Roman Church<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Synod%20Rome/Continental%20stage/Eastern%20Churches.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. They are considered
junior partners in Catholic communion. Some of the heads of these Churches were
given membership in the College of Cardinals. In fact, as heads of these
Eastern Catholic Churches, they have much higher dignity than mere membership
in the council of the Roman Church. They should be considered equal to the head
of the Roman Church in the Catholic communion with the Pope of Rome as primus
inter pares. There has to be an upper council in the Catholic communion above
the college of Cardinals consisting of the Pope of Rome and the 23 heads of the
Eastern Catholic Churches to uphold the dignity of the Eastern Catholic Churches.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This compromise of the dignity of the Eastern
Catholic Churches could be the reason their counterparts would not want to join
the Catholic communion. The catholic church should empty her imperial face and ‘take
the form of a servant as Jesus did, to reconcile with those Eastern Churches in
Europe to make the Synodality a walking together of all people of God in different
traditions and heritage. As all Apostles walked together with Jesus, all these
Churches should walk together in Christ.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Synod%20Rome/Continental%20stage/Eastern%20Churches.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> J
H Srawley The Epistles of saint Ignatius, London 1900, online version accessed
on 22/7/22 p 97 foot note 1
http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/srawley/index.html <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoEndnoteText">St Igantius argues that the Bishop is the centre of
each individual church as Jesus Christ is the centre of the Universal Church.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Synod%20Rome/Continental%20stage/Eastern%20Churches.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H B Swete, The Apostolic creed, its relation
to primitive Christianity, 1894 p 75<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Synod%20Rome/Continental%20stage/Eastern%20Churches.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> J
H Srawley The Epistles of saint Ignatius, London 1900, online version accessed
on 22/7/22 p 97 foot note 1 http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/srawley/index.html<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Synod%20Rome/Continental%20stage/Eastern%20Churches.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Instructions for applying the Liturgical principles for the code of canons of
the Eastern Churches No 9<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Synod%20Rome/Continental%20stage/Eastern%20Churches.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Enlarge the space of your tent, Working document or the continental stage, Secretaria
Generalis <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Synod, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>28<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Synod%20Rome/Continental%20stage/Eastern%20Churches.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Enlarge
the space of your tent, Working document or the continental stage, Secretaria
Generalis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Synod,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>28<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Synod%20Rome/Continental%20stage/Eastern%20Churches.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Xavier Koodapuzha, Congregation for the
Eastern Churches Instructions, in Antony G Kollamparampil, Joseph Perumthottam,
(Eds) Bride at the feet of the bridegroom, HIRS Publications, 1997, p 17<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-9152076849670603012022-05-14T04:53:00.000+01:002022-05-21T03:46:37.369+01:00Synodality in the context of Syro Malabar Church: an inherently Synodal Church<p> Synodality in the context of Syro Malabar Church: an inherently Synodal Church</p><p>Dr Martin Thomas Antony</p><p>The Universal Church is journeying together as a communion of different individual churches of various traditions and rites. It is beautiful that this communion of churches travelling together complemented each other in their diverse traditions and spirituality in partnership. </p><p>Pope Francis’ call for a Synodal Church.</p><p>Pope Francis has called for a synodal Church in the context of the Synod 2023, the fiftieth anniversary of the institution of the Synod of Bishops. Church in the third millennium is at the crossroads due to various issues like the global pandemic, conflicts in the world, climate change, inequality and injustice across humanity due to racism, violence, persecution etc. Within the Church, there are examples of sufferings due to sexual abuse, abuse of power and conscience perpetrated by a significant number of clerics and consecrated people . It seems that the Church needs to find its way back to the Church of our Lord Isho Mshiha as witnessed by the Apostles and Church Fathers. This is to bring back the original mission and authentic life of the Church. Pope Francis desires to transform the Church to be synodal- walking together towards God with unity and partnership in all layers of hierarchy. </p><p>Synod</p><p>The Word Synod came from the Greek words Syn and Hodos means same way/path. The meaning is walking together or journeying together. The Latin word os councilum. In Christian Churches, synods are local or provincial assemblies of Bishops. Governing councils of autocephalous churches and autonomous Eastern Catholic churches are also called synods. In the early Church, ecumenical synods were called by an emperor or authority to resolve questions of theology, discipline or administration to ensure Churches 'walking together'.</p><p><br /></p><p>Synodality: Fidelity to Apostolic traditions.</p><p>Synodality is embracing the Holy tradition, revival of the oldest tradition of Church governance . Synods were standard in Church life in the early period. The Acts of Apostles vouches for the synodality of the Apostolic period in the selection of the seven deacons and in the Synod of Jerusalem . </p><p>The Council of Nicaea stipulated that Bishops should hold synods twice a year and the council of Trent ordered every bishop to hold synods annually in his diocese . The Vatican Council II described the church as people of God. Lumen Gentium describes the collegial relationship between the Pope and the Bishops. Post conciliar documents further went on to hold the view that the collegial relation between Bishops to their Priests and between Priests to their people .</p><p><br /></p><p>Church of Saint Thomas Christians: inherently Synodal- The Christian republic.</p><p>In the context of Pope Francis’ call for a Synodal Church, Syro Malabar Church is also preparing to restore the early Church’s tradition of Synodality. The Church of Saint Thomas Christians was Synodal from the very early period in such a way that the governance of the Church was like a Christian republic as narrated by the early Portuguese writers . </p><p>Judeo Christian tradition</p><p>Syro Malabar Church is the continuation of the ancient Apostolic Church of Saint Thomas in India in the Universal Catholic Communion. The Church of Saint Thomas Christians was the continuation of the Judeo-Christian community of the Apostles and disciples. As narrated in the Holy Bible, the earliest Church was synodal in governance. The Acts of Apostles portrays synodality in the early Church. In the Jerusalem Synod and the selection of seven deacons, the whole church was involved in the decision making, not just the Apostles and elders (the clergy) . Synods are a collegial way of governance of the Church in contrast to the hierarchical governance which crept into the Church when it became more Imperial, especially in the Greco Roman Churches. The Judeo-Christian Syriac Churches continued their synodal model of governance and collegiality. Thus, the Bishops remained spiritual leaders rather than rulers. Acts of Apostles narrates about separating temporal and spiritual roles and the Apostles wanted to remain as spiritual leaders. </p><p>Synodality of Thomas Christians- The Christian republic</p><p>Until the advent of the Portuguese missionaries, the Church of Saint Thomas Christians was governed by Synods comprising of laity and clergy. The bishops who were usually monks from a remote monastery were spiritual leaders while the clergy and laity governed the Church. There were synods in three tiers. The Parish level assembly was called Edavaka palliyogam, a regional assembly called Pradeshika palliyogam and a national assembly, the Maha palliyogam. The edvaka palliyogam or parish assembly was the general council of the parish involving the vast majority of the laity. The Edavaka palliyogam had the power and authority to approve the priests. Without the approval of the edvaka palliyogam, a priest could not be ordained. This certificate of the synod was called desakkury or the certificate of the local congregation. Those priests who were ordained by the European Missionary Bishops without the desakkury were not accepted by the community of Saint Thomas Christians and they had to join the Latin rite. All the temporal matters were governed by these assemblies or palliyogams. All the civil and criminal disputes among Christians were also dealt with by these palliyogams.</p><p>The second tier of the synod, the regional synod or pradeshika palliyogams were assemblies of representatives from at least 4 parishes. It is assumed that an external agency like the courts of the local rulers interferes only after a referral from the regional synod. Even European Missionaries had to accept this rule in the Mahapalliyogam of Angamali in 1773AD .</p><p>The national assembly was called Maha palliyogam. The Archdeacon, a priest was the president of the Maha palliyogam. There are hints in the history that Bishops were selected by the Mahapalliyogam, the delegates of the Maha palliyogam travelled to monasteries in Babylon to select their Bishop. At all these tiers, the laity was the vast majority. It has been documented that the infamous Synod of Diamper convened by the Goan Archbishop Alexis Dom Menesis in 1599 AD was attended by 4 laity representatives and a priest from each parish. These palliyogams held authority over all Christians in social, ecclesial, civil and even criminal matters. This is what the early European Missionaries narrated as the 'Christian Republic ’</p><p>Even after the Synod of Diamper and subsequent subjugation under the European Bishops, The Church of Saint Thomas Christians continued this synodal system. The historic journey of Kariattil Yawsep Malpan and Paremmakkal Thomman cathanar, two native priests to Rome in 1778 AD was a result of a Maha palliyogam of Angamali. The famous Angamali Padiyola- the Declaration of Angamali of 1787 AD was enacted by another Maha palliyogam which represented 84 parishes. After the period of Parammakkal Thomman Cathanar as Governodor, the Catholic Saint Thomas Christians lost this synodality partially and went into hierarchical governance under the colonial minded European Missionary rule. Even though the synodality was partially lost, there were informal synodal meetings among the clergy and laity to recapture the lost ecclesial independence and traditions which resulted in sending several delegations to the Patriarch of Chaldeans to get Bishops of the same rite. This strong synodal activity of ordinary faithful resulted in the Patriarch of Chaldeans consecrating a member of the delegation as Bishop, Mar Abraham (Paulose Panadry) in 1796 AD and sending Apostolic visitors, Bishop Mar Thomas Rokos in 1861 AD and Bishop Mar Elia Melus in 1874 AD. These attempts resulted in minor schisms which prompted Rome to intervene. Rome recognised the Catholic Syro Chaldean community on the Malabar coast erecting separate vicariates at Kottayam and Trichur by Pope Leo XIII in 1887 AD. In 1896 native Bishops were appointed in three vicariates Kottayam, Trichur and Ernakulam. In 1923 AD, a Hierarchy was established for the Syro Chaldean rite in Malabar with the title Syro Malabar with a Metropolitan. Thus, the restoration of the Syro Malabar hierarchy in 1923 was a result of strong synodality that persisted among the Christians of Saint Thomas in India in the form of ecclesiastical assemblies of laity and clergy.</p><p>When the Syro Malabar vicariates were under Latin Bishops, they too continued some form of synodality in the form of diocesan synods . But when native Bishops took over the charge, the diocesan synods paved the way for advisory boards in the form of Pastoral councils.</p><p>Now, in the Syro Malabar Church, there are Parish assemblies to elect parish councils called Prathinidhi yogam or Prathipurusha yogam. At the Eparchial level, there are Pastoral councils as advisory bodies. A Major Archiepiscopal assembly also exists at the sui iuris church level. All these bodies are just an image of the ancient glorious synodal assemblies. </p><p>Syro Malabar Liturgy: Inherently Synodal in nature.</p><p>Synodality manifests the pilgrim nature of the Church . The liturgical theology of Syro Malabar Church is that of a pilgrim Church. The Priest and the congregation standing and facing the altar. Symbolically, this is walking together towards God and heaven. Syro Malabar liturgical theology depicts the madbha as the throne of God and heaven. The liturgy celebrates all the events of salvation history symbolically and walking toward God as a pilgrim Church.</p><p>Pope Francis when he assumed charge, asked the people assembled in Vatican square to bless him and bent his head down. This was an act of seeking God’s blessing from the people of God. In the Syro Malabar Liturgy, the celebrant, in humility accepting that he is not worthy enough to perform the divine worship, asks the people of God to pray for him several times and turn to them bending his head down. This gesture is also depicting the same principle- seeking God’s spirit in the people of God who shares the common dignity and vocation through baptism . Through this Synodal process, Pope Francis is seeking God’s will in the whole people of God by their anointing of the Holy Spirit through baptism . </p><p>Conclusion </p><p>Syro Malabar Church is an inherently synodal Church. This is a precious fidelity to the sources of the Church of the Apostles and Church Fathers. Synodality exists in the Syro Malabar Church in the form of various laity forums at different levels in partnership with the clergy and hierarchy. In the context of the call for a Synodal Church by Pope Francis, the Syro Malabar Church should take serious steps to strengthen these synodal assemblies with a definite role for the laity in the governance at various levels of the Church. </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-74569266808752217192022-04-06T21:18:00.002+01:002022-05-21T03:46:59.048+01:00Instructions for applying the liturgical prescriptions of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches: an appraisal.<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Instructions for applying the
liturgical prescriptions of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches: an
appraisal.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Dr Martin Thomas Antony<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This is an important document published by the Holy See in
1996 where all the liturgical norms described in <i>Orientalum Ecclesiarum</i>,
the Second Vatican Council’s decree on the Eastern Churches are gathered
together systematically with further details presented to the Eastern Catholic
Churches.<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Instructions/Instructions%20appraisal.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">These instructions pose the following objectives.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1 To lead to a more profound understanding of the immense
richness of the authentic eastern traditions which are to be scrupulously
maintained and communicated to all the faithful.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2 To arrange the liturgical norms valid for all the Catholic
Eastern churches in an organic summary and to introduce recovery where
necessary of the eastern liturgical authenticity according to the tradition
which eastern church has inherited from the Apostles through the Church Fathers.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">3 To exhort a permanent liturgical formation to be organised
on a solid basis for both the clergy- beginning with the seminarians and the
formation institutes- and the people of God through schools of mystagogical
catechesis.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">4 To list the principles in common for the elaboration of
Liturgical directories for the individual churches <i>sui iuris</i>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Through this, the Holy See is affirming the importance of
the richness of the Eastern Churches. Saint Pope John Paul II in his Apostolic
letter ‘Orientale Lumen’ states that the Christian East are the living interpreters
of the treasure of the tradition they preserve and they have a unique and
privileged role as the original setting where the Church was born<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Instructions/Instructions%20appraisal.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">II Vatican Council decree on ecumenism ‘<i>Unitats
Reddintegratio’</i> states ‘everybody should realise that it is of supreme
importance to understand, venerate, preserve and foster the rich liturgical and
spiritual heritage of the eastern churches in order faithfully to preserve the
fullness of Christian tradition and to bring about reconciliation between
eastern and western Christians’<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Instructions/Instructions%20appraisal.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Holy See instructs all Eastern Catholics to carefully
examine the history of the traditions and parts which have been inappropriately
taken off in the course of time due to political and other reasons that should
be restored. The Holy See also confirms that retaining the original traditions
and spirituality is not a sign of stagnancy and backwardness but of precious
fidelity to the sources of salvation. The Holy see even goes on to exhort that
any attempts to distance the members of the Eastern Churches from their genuine
spirituality by inducing them to join another or favouring the acquisition of
forms of thought, spirituality and devotions that are not coherent with their
ecclesial heritage are condemnable.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Holy See accepts the richness of the Holy traditions of
the Eastern Churches through various post-Vatican Council II documents. They
use the expressions like ‘inalienable value of the heritage’, ‘the shining traditions
that derived from the Apostles through the Fathers which constitutes part of
the divinely revealed undivided heritage of the Universal Church’, ‘variety of
manifestations of the faith leading to the fullness of the mysteries revealed’
and so on. The Universal Church respectfully observes that the Eastern Churches
have jealously retained the symbolic Biblical theology developed in the early
Church that is explained by the Church Fathers and thereby maintained a direct
continuity with the spiritual experience of the Christian origins.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Lumen Gentium declares that ‘by divine providence, whilst
safeguarding the unity of faith and the unique divine structure of the
Universal Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches enjoy their own liturgical
traditions, theological heritage, unique spirituality and their own discipline.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Universal Church desires that these treasures should be flourished
and contribute more efficiently to the evangelisation of the World. Orientum Ecclesiarum
and other post-conciliar documents exhort that the members of the Eastern
Churches have the right and duty to preserve, know and live in their
traditions. The Holy See also instructs that it is the duty and obligation of
the Pastors of the Latin Church to preserve and encourage the traditions and
spirituality of the Eastern Catholics in their territories living as immigrant
communities to express the multi-coloured richness of the Universal Church.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Universal Church desires that the Eastern Catholic
Churches return to their genuine traditions if they had made undue and
inopportune modifications in the past due to various reasons. Saint Pope John
Paul II in a homily during Armenian Liturgy in 1987 expressed a firm attitude
of the Holy See that those Eastern catholic Churches should have the courage to
rediscover the authentic traditions of their own identity and to restore them to
their original purity. Pope Paul VI exhorted to the members of the commissions who
were preparing the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches that any renewal
should be coherent and agree with sound traditions blossoming as though
spontaneously from the already existing traditions.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the document Instructions for applying the Liturgical
prescriptions of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, the Universal
Church appreciates the richness of the Liturgy and heritage of eastern Churches
in terms of the sacredness, emotions developed from the poetic dimensions of
the texts, rituals related to liturgy and administration of sacraments,
devotions and so on.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Any Liturgical reforms even in the west would be
rediscovering the full fidelity to their own liturgical traditions, benefitting
from their riches and eliminating that which has altered their authenticity
from external influences foreign to the traditions. If any new element is
introduced due to any serious pastoral reasons, it should blend without
contrast but with coherence, as it had naturally derived from it. Fidelity to
own traditions has ecumenical value as well. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Eparchial Bishop is the moderator and guardian of the entire
liturgical life of the Eparchy. Therefore, the Liturgy should be celebrated in
the Cathedral of the Bishop in the most exemplary way. The role of the Holy See
is to promote a sense of return to the ancestral traditions of the Eastern
Churches.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Universal Church advises the eastern Churches to
translate their liturgy to languages understood by the faithful in the migrant
communities. The Holy See even asks some eastern Churches, if they lack their
own editions of the liturgical texts, to use the texts used by the
corresponding Orthodox churches. The Holy See suggests avoiding unnecessarily
differentiation between liturgical books of the eastern catholic churches and
those of the corresponding Orthodox churches.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the Liturgical celebrations and feasts, the Universal
Church instructs to conform to the liturgical cycle of the Eastern Churches.
The Holy See also instructs to restore the liturgical calendar to its
traditional structure eliminating the elements assimilated due to historical
reasons that are incompatible with the spirit and features of the Eastern
Churches. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If undue changes to the Liturgical vestments were
introduced, the traditional rules should be reinstated. For the non-liturgical
dress of the clergy, it is appropriate that the eastern Churches should return
to their traditional eastern usage.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Holy See observes that there are devotions developed in
Eastern Churches due to extraneous influences which give rise to a parallel
form of spirituality. The Eastern Churches should promote authentic
mystagogical catechesis to allow the faithful to rediscover the riches of their
own spirituality. Such popular devotions from extraneous influence should harmonise
with the liturgical seasons in accord with the sacred liturgy. The II Vatican
Council prescriptions confirm and approve the ancient discipline related to the
sacraments in the Eastern Catholic Churches with the rituals observed with
their administration and advise to restore them where there are deviations from
their original traditions. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Christian initiation with Baptism, Chrismation with the Holy
Myron and the Eucharist was abandoned due to historical and cultural reasons in
the Western Church, if the Eastern Churches changed their practice due to the
external pressure from the Latin Church, these should be reformed and restored.
The Universal Church instructs the same to all the sacraments, divine praises
or Liturgy of hours, liturgical space and architectural elements like altar
veil, bema or ambo, icons, baptistry, prayer facing the east and so on. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The scope of these instructions is to assist the Eastern
Churches which are in full communion with the Church of Rome to recover a full
celebrative coherence in their liturgy, their traditions and spirituality in
such a way that the whole Church is enriched by their specific heritages.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Instructions/Instructions%20appraisal.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> George
Gallaro, Rome’s Liturgical Instruction for the Eastern Catholic Churches,
Logos: a Journal of Eastern Christian Studies, Vol 43-45 (2002-2004), p149<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Instructions/Instructions%20appraisal.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Saint Pope John Paul II Orientale Lumen, 1995<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/d6f5d7804a53c7f7/Desktop/Instructions/Instructions%20appraisal.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Vatican Council II Decree on Ecumenism Unitatis Redintegratio<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-1811582538984173462021-02-10T12:02:00.002+00:002021-02-10T12:02:30.055+00:0013 February 2021: the 250th Dukhrana of Sahada Mar Ikkako cathanar of Champakulam<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">13
February 2021: the 250<sup>th</sup> Dukhrana of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sahada</i> Mar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikkako cathanar</i>
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Champakulam<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dr Martin Thomas Antony</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Ikkako
Cathanar</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Champakulam</i>
who lived in the 18<sup>th</sup> century, was a Saintly Martyr of the <i>Pazhayacoor</i>
Saint Thomas Christians of Malabar.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He was subjected to
inquisition and torture and was unlawfully killed in the custody of the
European Missionaries at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Verapoly</i>,
which was the headquarters of the Carmelites of the Malabar Mission since the
17th century. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikkako Cathanar</i>’s death
resulted in significant upheaval in the resistance of the Saint Thomas
Christians against Latinisations and colonial suppression by the European Missionaries.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikkako Cathanar</i>’s firm stands for
safeguarding the religio-cultural tradition of the local Church cost him his
life.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk63166595"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk63166595;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Church of Saint Thomas Christians.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Church of
Saint Thomas Christians of India is an ancient apostolic church that developed
in the Indian subcontinent and was founded by Apostle Thomas. It grew in
communion with the East Syriac family of churches. Churches in Edessa, Selucia-
Ctesiphon, Persia and India were founded by either Apostle Thomas or his
disciples Mar Addai and Mar Mari. These churches constitute the East Syriac
family of Churches and also referred to as the Church of the East. These
Thomasine Churches developed outside the Roman Empire in a Judeo-Christian
background. Eastern Syriac was their liturgical language. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Saint Thomas Christians thrived in the
socio-cultural milieu of South India as an indigenous community and thrived as
a Christian republic as narrated by some of the Early European Missionaries<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. Even when they were under
different Kings, the community was governed by local, regional and national
assemblies (<i>Palliyogams</i>) developed in the form of ‘<i>manrams</i>’ of
the ancient Dravidian communities<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. The <i>Palliyogam</i> held
authority over all Christians in social, ecclesial, civil, and even criminal
matters. The Archdeacon, a native priest was the President of the National Assembly
and the administrator while the Bishops were only spiritual authority.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Colonial Missionary Enterprise.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">During the middle ages, Portuguese Roman Catholic Missionaries
arrived in Babylon and India. In Babylon, they managed to get a faction of the
East Syriac Church (Church of the Est) into the Catholic communion and they
formed the Patriarchate of Chaldeans in AD 1552. In AD 1498, the first fleet of
Portuguese navigators arrived in Kerala under the leadership of Vasco Da Gama. This
was followed by traders and Missionaries. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since then, the Roman Catholic Missionaries
continued their influence in the public and religious life of the Saint Thomas
Christians using political force and commercial and economic influence on the
local rulers. They interfered with the religio cultural aspects of the native
Thomas Christians and tried to separate them from the Patriarchate of Chaldeans
and Patriarchate of Babylon and to subjugate them under the Roman Catholic
Church. When Mar Abraham, the last Chaldean Bishop died in 1597, the missionaries
tried everything to make sure that no other bishops should come from Babylon.
The Roman Catholic Missionaries felt that everything not under the Roman
Catholic faith was wrong and heretic. They considered the Syriac language and
the Bishops of Syriac rite arriving in Kerala as vehicles of heresy<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. The unlawful synod of
Diamper organised by the European Missionaries suppressed the authority of the
Archdeacon and the Church assemblies. Eventually, the Church of Saint Thomas
Christians of Kerala lost its connection to the Church of the East and was
subjugated to the Roman Catholic Church. They had to depend on the Latin rite
Bishops for all the ecclesial and spiritual needs. Their religio cultural life
was suppressed and the community underwent persecution<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This resulted in a great revolt, known as the <i>Coonan
Cross Oath</i> and subsequent installation of the Archdeacon as the Bishop and Head
of the local Church was a declaration of independence from the colonial
European Missionaries. The efforts of reconciliation by the Church of Rome with
the Carmelites and the change in the political situation, with the Dutch
capturing Cochin and forcing all European Missionaries to leave Malabar
resulted in <i>Palliveettil Chandy Cathanar</i> a nephew of the Archdeacon and
a former consulter being canonically consecrated as the Bishop of Saint Thomas
Christians. Thus, the community divided into two, those who continued the
existent rite and communion with the Roman Church for about 99 years were
called <i>Pazhayacoor- </i>the old allegiance, and those who sought for a new
alliance with the Syriac Church of Antioch were called the <i>Puthencoor</i>-the
new allegiance.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Portuguese Missionaries with their
religiopolitical force made sure that no Bishops from the East Syriac Church could
arrive in Malabar. When the <i>Puthencoor</i> became converted to the
Antiochene West Syriac rite, the gap between the two communities widened and
the Missionaries then realised that the <i>Pazhayacoor</i> Thomas Christians
are helpless as they could neither join the Puthencoor nor could they re-establish
the age-old alliance with the Patriarchate of Chaldeans. They used this
pathetic situation to completely subjugate them and try to convert them en
masse to the Latin Rite.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The native Priests were very resistant to latinisations.
They considered their East Syriac tradition and liturgy as their blood and
race. <i>Palakkunnathu Mathai Mariam Cathanar</i> wrote in his chronicles that his
blood was Chaldean and hence he did not agree with the actions of the Missionaries<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. The native Christians
proclaimed that the Syriac language and worship were handed over to them by
Apostle Thomas<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
And hence they were so attached to it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The European Missionaries wanted to hurt the pride of
the native clergy by bullying and harassing them as they knew that they would
not want to join the <i>Puthencoor </i>faction and they were unable to re-establish
their connection to the East Syriac Church. The Missionaries started harassing
and intimidating the native priests to subjugate them as they were helpless. The
native Christians were accused as heretics and their priests were considered as
inferior to the European Priests. The native priests were not even allowed to
sit before European Missionaries or dine with them. Several Priests were
persecuted, tortured, and even killed. The native Priests were subjected to
severe harassment because of their race and colour.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Sahada</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
Mar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikkako Cathanar</i></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Ikkako
Cathanar</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> was born in the Puthenpurackal/Puthenparampil<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> family at Chamapakulam.
He was the vicar of Edappalli Church and was martyred by the colonial European
Missionaries in AD 1771. With the available documents, we can assume that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Ikkako Cathanar</span></i>
was wrongly accused in the case of a lost gold monstrance at the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Verapoly</i> church in AD 1771 and was
forcefully taken in custody by the European Missionaries, tortured and killed unlawfully
in custody. This case was heard by a minister of the Kingdom of Travancore and
two missionaries were convicted to pay a fine<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. There is also
documentary evidence that Lawrence Justiniani, the Carmelite Apostolic visitor
of the time who attended the <i>Maha Palli<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">yogam</span>
</i>of Mar Thoma Nasranis at Mar Hormis Church Angamaly held from the 20<sup>th</sup>
of August to 5<sup>th</sup> of September <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1773, agreed <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">along
with</span> many things, that the Mar Thoma Nasrani <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cathanar</i>s would not be punished without being <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">judged</span> by the representatives of four churches
(regional <i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Palli</span> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">yogams</span></i>) He also agreed in writing that in
future, the native <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Cathanar</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">s</span>
would not be tortured or punished without studying the matter<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. Some</span> authors like Ambrosius commented <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that it was agreed that all cases of the
Syrians would be judged by their own judges<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. This is an admission that
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Ikkako Cathanar</span></i>
was convicted, <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">ill-treated</span>, tortured, and
killed without a fair trial.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Moreover, a letter from Congregation of Propaganda
Fide to Vicar <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Apostolic</span> in Malabar in
1774<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> also mentions “sacred
congregation orders and commands both the Vicar Apostolic and the missionaries
of that <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">mission that</span> for the future they
should abstain from <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">practising</span> such
cruelties e<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">specially</span> towards the priests
and the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">ecclesiastics of</span> that nation. In
punishing them for their faults after having had legitimate proofs, they should
adopt only means in harmony with meekness and sweetness demanded by <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">charity,</span> the character of their office, and
prudence, which should direct them not to anger a nation which suffers badly
from the yoke of being governed by the directors and the heads of a different
rite on whose will alone depends on its separation from the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Catholic</span> union at one stroke”. In <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">this,</span> it is obvious that the Sacred
Congregation of the Propagation of Faith observed that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikkako Cathanar</i> was convicted without having legitimate proofs and
was ill-treated, tortured and killed. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">From history, we can see that during his last days, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikkako Cathanar</i> pleaded for the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">sacrament</span> of reconciliation and <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Eucharist</span> but they were denied to him<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. This itself is enough
for us to believe that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Ikkako Cathanar</span></i> achieved a glorious place
in the house of the Lord Almighty.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Ikkako
Cathanar</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> was buried without any sacredness on the side of a
pond on the premises of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Verapoly</i>
church.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Chronicles of <i>Poothara Korah <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Cathanar</span></i> kept with the <i>Poothara </i>family
at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Champakulam</i> describes a dispute
with European Padres at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Champakulam</i>
in which <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikkako Cathanar</i> standing
firmly for the rights of the ‘<i>Desathupattakkar</i>’ (priests of the Parish)
for leading and carrying the reliquary at the procession during the celebration
of the main feast of the church.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> A few people who accompanied
the European Missionaries were caught in action while trying to take valuable
gold ornaments from the reliquaries. This resulted in public disgrace to the
European Missionaries. As <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikkako Cathanar</i>
was in the forefront of <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">this resistance</span>
to the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">colonial-minded</span> Missionaries for
invading into the law, customs, and rituals of this local church, he was
targeted for revenge when he was at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Verapoly</i><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The author has recently visited the church at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Verapoly</i>(<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Saint</span>
Joseph’s and Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Church, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Verapoly</i>, <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Ernakulam</span> District,
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Kerala</span>). There is a pond on the right
side of the church about 500 metres away behind the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">school</span> and in front of the parish hall. The pond has been modified,
concreted all around as it is in front of the parish hall. This could be the
pond on the side of which, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikkako Cathanar</i>
was buried without any sacredness. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Observations on <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikkako Cathanar</i>
event<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1. This was a conflict between two
individual churches. A native church was forcefully invaded by another church
of different rite and traditions using the colonial power. Mar Ignatius of
Antioch, a disciple of Mar Yohannan the Evangelist is the first Church Father who
used the term ‘catholic,’ in his Epistle to Smyrneans, where he used it in the
meaning a communion of local churches of different traditions<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Therefore, this was against the concept of the Universal church encoded since
the Apostolic period.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;">2. One of the European<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Missionaries who had a significant role in
the persecution and murder of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikkako Cathanar</i>
was later appointed as the vicar apostolic to the <i>Pazhayacoor, </i>the Thomas
Christians in the Catholic fold. This shows the pathetic situation of the
Catholic Thomas Christians. Even with these harassments and helpless situation,
the native Thomas Christian Priests of the Catholic fold continued their
resistance to Latinisations and love to their local church and rite resulted in
Rome recognising their rite and establishing Vicariates for Syo Chaldean
faithful in Malabar in 1887 and later the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Syro Malabar Hierarchy in 1923.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3.This event was an example of
persecution of native Christians by European Missionaries.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3.a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The faithful and their Priests were stamped as
heretics. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3b. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Discrimination of the native Priests based on
race. The native priests were neither allowed to sit before the European
Priests not dine with them. This is seen in the documentations by Nidheerickal
Mani <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cathanar</i> and Palakkunnel Mathai Maryam
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cathanar<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn17" name="_ednref17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">[xvii]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3c. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Persecutions in the form of beating the
Priests, chaining the Priests and displaying them in public, beating up by
people of inferior caste in a caste driven socio-political milieu of the middle
ages<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn18" name="_ednref18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">[xviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. It
would be surprising to note that these persecutions were carried out for not
obeying the Missionaries, for carrying the reliquaries on a feast etc. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;">4 It is obvious that the foreign
Missionaries did not observe the moral and ethical values narrated and propagated
in the Synod of Diamper in treating the native Priests and faithful.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Implications of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikkako Cathanar</i> event and the <i>Angamaly
Mahayogam.</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ikkako Cathanar</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;">’s death
resulted in significant upheaval in the resistance of the Saint Thomas
Christians against Latinisations and colonial suppression by the European Missionaries.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ikkako Cathanar</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;"> event
and the intimidation at the funeral service of Bishop Florence in 1773 resulted
in the famous Angamaly Yogam- the Synod of Angamaly in 1773 AD for 16 days from
Aug 23 to Sept 5 at the St Hormiz church Angamaly. About 500 representatives
from 72 Churches attended the Synod. The Synod demanded a solution for the
maltreatment and harassment from the European Missionaries<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn19" name="_ednref19" style="mso-endnote-id: edn19;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">[xix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;">The Synod could force the
representatives of the Missionaries to agree with the demands in writing but
one can observe that they did not observe them<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn20" name="_ednref20" style="mso-endnote-id: edn20;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">[xx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;">The synod also resulted in these issues
being discussed in the Sacred Congregation for the propagation of the faith in
the Roman Curia in 1774 AD<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn21" name="_ednref21" style="mso-endnote-id: edn21;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">[xxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. This
was a great achievement. The Sacred Congregation sent a letter to the
Missionaries in Malabar prohibiting them from these kinds of maltreatment and
commented that “ in punishing them for their faults after having had legitimate
proofs, they should adopt only means in harmony with meekness and sweetness
demanded by charity, the character of their office, and prudence, which should direct
them not to anger a nation which suffers badly from the yoke of being governed
by the directors and the heads of a different rite on whose will alone depends
on its separation from the Catholic union at one stroke.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn22" name="_ednref22" style="mso-endnote-id: edn22;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">[xxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;">From this, one can observe that the
martyrdom of Mar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikkako Cathanar</i>
resulted in Rome realising the need for recognising the Saint Thomas
Christians, their rite and traditions which might have paved the way for
establishing the Syro Malabar Hierarchy later.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Conclusion.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;">According to certain family
documents, the date of the martyrdom of Ikkako cathanar was ME 946 Kumbham 5<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn23" name="_ednref23" style="mso-endnote-id: edn23;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">[xxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> which
would be 13th February 1771<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn24" name="_ednref24" style="mso-endnote-id: edn24;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">[xxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Therefore, February 2021 would be the 250th martyrdom. (But, ME 1196 Kumbham 5
will be 17 February 2021<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_edn25" name="_ednref25" style="mso-endnote-id: edn25;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">[xxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>) The f</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">aithful
of the Syro Malabar Church would like the sacred memory of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sahada</i> Mar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikkako Cathanar</i>
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Champakulam</i> to <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">be</span> remembered and glorified. Mar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikkako Cathanar</i> was a martyr for the
local particular Church of Saint Thomas Christians and steadfastly stood firm for
their particular law, traditions, and customs. He was also martyred on wrong
accusations and without proper trial and evidence. Mar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ikkako Cathanar</i> could escape these persecutions if he had admitted
the accusations but he stood for the truth and dignity of the local church.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In connection with the 250th year of the martyrdom of
Ikkako cathanar, Ruha Media organised a webinar on 8th November 2020. See the
link.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/u4xy4makp7o" width="320" youtube-src-id="u4xy4makp7o"></iframe></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4xy4makp7o&t=151s"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4xy4makp7o&t=151s</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(Credits. Thanks to Mr Mathew Mailapparampil for
thoroughly reviewing the paper and for suggestions and corrections. Thanks to
Ruha Media for permission to use the link to the webinar.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Paulinus
De Bartholomew, Viaggio alle Indie Orientali, Roma Presso Antonio Fulgoni,
1796, p 136, William Johnston, A voyage to East Indies containing an account of
the manners customs and of the natives with geographical description of the
country collected from observations made during a residence of thirteen years
between 1776 and 1789<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in districts
little frequented by Europeans by Fra Paolino<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Da San<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bartolomeo with notes and
illustrations by John Reinhold Forster, translated from German by William
Johnston, London, 1800, p 196<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Alexander
P varghese, India: History, Religion, vision, and contribution to the world,
vol 1 Atlantic Publishers New Delhi, 2008, p 318<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
David Taylor, The Channel through which flows every kind of heresy: European
antagonism towards Syriac language and texts on the Malabar coast , 16-18
centuries, Paper presented to Aram Society for Syro Mesopotamian Studies Forty
Eighth International Conference on Syriac Christianity, 11-13 July 2018<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Abraham M Nidhiry, Father Nidhiri, A History of his time, Kottayam 1971, p53,
65<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Palakkunnel
Mathai Maryam Cathanar, Palakkunnel Valyachante Nalagamam Malayalam (Chronicles
of Palakkunnel Mathai Maryam cathanar), Palakkunnel Mathai mariam Cathanar
Death centnary Committee, 2000, p 145<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Rev
Dr Placid Podipara, The Hierarchy of Syro Malabar Church, in Rev Dr Thomas
Kalayil (Ed) Collected works of Rev Dr Placid Podipara CMI, Vol 1 p678 citing
Giamil who narrated that in a letter sent by three saint Thomas Christians in
1578 to Pope saying our prayers are in Syriac or Chaldean language which was
handed over to us by our Lord Saint Thomas and we and our predecessors have
been taught this language.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The Editor of Varthamana pusthakam published by OIRSI 1989 edition states the
family name as Puthenpurackal. Many documents from Chamapkulam use the term
Puthenpurackal- like the Chronicles of Poothara Korah Cathanaar, the book of
Jacob J Kurialacherry<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But Fr Bernard
Thomas in Keralathile Mar Thoma Kristhysnikal, mentions the family name
Puthenparampil. Fr Jacob Nellikkunnath in Changanacherry athiroopatha innale,
innu, mentions Puthenparampil in page 87 and Rev Dr Xavier Koodapuzha in
Bharatha sabha Charithram. It seems those who accepted the term Puthenparampil
are quoting Bernard Thomas.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Rev. Dr.Thomas Kalayail, Ed. Collected works of Rev Dr Placid J Podipara CMI
Vol I, The Thomas Christians, p 393, Rev. Dr Varghese Puthusserry, Reunion
Efforts of St Thomas Christians of India 1750-1773, A Historical-Critical
analysis of the Contemporary Documents, Mary Matha Publications, Trichur, 2008,
p 229<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <a name="_Hlk102018">Revd. Varghese Puthusserry, Reunion Efforts of St Thomas
Christians of India 1750-1773, A Historical-Critical analysis of the
Contemporary Documents, Mary Matha Publications, Trichur, 2008, p 225<o:p></o:p></a></p>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Revd.
Varghese Puthusserry, Reunion Efforts of St Thomas Christians of India
1750-1773, A Historical-Critical analysis of the Contemporary Documents, Mary
Matha Publications, Trichur, 2008, p 225 citing Ambrosius, Hierarchia
Carmelitana seu Series Illistrium Praesulum Ecclesiasticorum ex Ordine
Carmelitarum Discalceatorum, Fasc. IV, Romae, 1939<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Archives of the Congregation of the Evangelisation of People, Istruzion Tomus
II, ff 76v-77r and Scritture Originali Riferite nei Congressi Generali 839,
f.224 cited <a name="_Hlk42747"></a><a name="_Hlk42748"></a><a name="_Hlk42749"></a><a name="_Hlk42750"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk42749;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk42748;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk42747;">by Dr V Puthusserry, Reunion
Efforts of St Thomas Christians of India 1750-1773, A Historical-Critical
analysis of the Contemporary Documents, Mary Matha Publications, Trichur, 2008,
p 226.</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <a name="_Hlk102741">Paremmakkal Thomman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cathanar</i>,
Varthamana pusthakam, OIRSI Pubications Vadavathoor Edition 1989</a>, p53<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paremmakkal Thomman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cathanar</i>, Varthamana pusthakam, OIRSI Pubications Vadavathoor
Edition 1989 p 52<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref14" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Abraham M Nidhiri, Father Nidhiri:A History of his time, Kottayam, 1971, p 65.
It was the right of the local priests to carry the reliquaries on the
processions but when Florence of Jesus of nazerath was the Vicar Apostolic
(1752-1773) he insisted that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
European Padres should lead the processions and carry the reliquaries.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn15" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref15" name="_edn15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Mathew Mailaparampil, Joseph George, Ikkako Kathanar, the forgotten martyr,
March 19, 2014 at <a href="http://www.nasrani.net/">www.nasrani.net</a> accessed
on 03/02/2019 <a href="https://www.nasrani.net/2012/07/01/ikkako-kathanar-the-forgotten-martyr/#identifier_12_976">https://www.nasrani.net/2012/07/01/ikkako-kathanar-the-forgotten-martyr/#identifier_12_976</a>
citing Jacob J Kuriallacherry, Kalloorkkadu Palliyum Suriyani Christianikalum,
(mal) Chamapakulam, 1986.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn16" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref16" name="_edn16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Richardson,
Cyril C. “The Church in Ignatius of Antioch.” The Journal of Religion, vol. 17,
no. 4, 1937, pp. 428–443. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1196375. Accessed 3 Feb.
2021.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn17" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref17" name="_edn17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Abraham M Nidhiry, Father Nidhiri, A History of his time, Kottayam 1971, p53,
65and 100; Palakkunnel Mathai Maryam Cathanar, Palakkunnel Valyachante
Nalagamam Malayalam (Chronicles of Palakkunnel Mathai Maryam cathanar),
Palakkunnel Mathai mariam Cathanar Death centnary Committee, 2000, p270.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn18" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref18" name="_edn18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a name="_Hlk63798881">Rev Dr Varghese
Puthusserry, Reunion efforts of St Thomas Christians of India 1750-1773, A
Historical- critical analysis of the contemporary documents, Mary Matha Publications,
Trissur,2008</a>, p221- 233;<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn19" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref19" name="_edn19" style="mso-endnote-id: edn19;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Rev
Dr Varghese Puthusserry, Reunion efforts of St Thomas Christians of India
1750-1773, A Historical- critical analysis of the contemporary documents, Mary
Matha Publications, Trissur,2008 p 216<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn20" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref20" name="_edn20" style="mso-endnote-id: edn20;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Rev
Dr Varghese Puthusserry, Reunion efforts of St Thomas Christians of India
1750-1773, A Historical- critical analysis of the contemporary documents, Mary
Matha Publications, Trissur,2008 p 233<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn21" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref21" name="_edn21" style="mso-endnote-id: edn21;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Rev
Dr Varghese Puthusserry, Reunion efforts of St Thomas Christians of India 1750-1773,
A Historical- critical analysis of the contemporary documents, Mary Matha
Publications, Trissur,2008 p224-225<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn22" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref22" name="_edn22" style="mso-endnote-id: edn22;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Rev Dr Varghese Puthusserry, Reunion efforts of St Thomas Christians of India
(1750-1773) citing Archives of the Congregation for the Evangelisation of the
peoples, Iztruzione Tomus 2, ff 76v-77r and Scritture Originali Riferite nei
Congressi Vol839, f 224<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn23" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref23" name="_edn23" style="mso-endnote-id: edn23;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Mathew Mailapparampil, Joseph George, Ikkako kathanar, the forgotten martyr,
NSC network. <a href="https://www.nasrani.net/2012/07/01/ikkako-kathanar-the-forgotten-martyr/">https://www.nasrani.net/2012/07/01/ikkako-kathanar-the-forgotten-martyr/</a>
accessed on 09 Feb 2021.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn24" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref24" name="_edn24" style="mso-endnote-id: edn24;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<a href="https://www.drikpanchang.com/malayalam/malayalam-month-calendar.html?date=09/02/1771">https://www.drikpanchang.com/malayalam/malayalam-month-calendar.html?date=09/02/1771</a>
accessed on 10 Feb 2021<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="edn25" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Desktop/Ikakko%20Cathanar/13%20February%202021%20the%20250th%20Dukhrana%20of%20Sahada%20Mar%20Ikkako%20Cathanar%20of%20Champakulam%20NSC%20upload.docx#_ednref25" name="_edn25" style="mso-endnote-id: edn25;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <a href="https://www.drikpanchang.com/malayalam/malayalam-month-calendar.html">https://www.drikpanchang.com/malayalam/malayalam-month-calendar.html</a>
accessed on 10 Feb 2021<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-65055180170917619862021-01-16T22:26:00.025+00:002021-01-16T22:44:50.402+00:00ARCHAEOLOGY AND EPIGRAPHY OF MAR THOMA NASRANIS (SAINT THOMAS CHRISTIANS): A PICTORIAL REVIEW <p><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><a name="_Hlk508557495"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ARCHAEOLOGY
AND EPIGRAPHY OF MAR THOMA NASRANIS (SAINT THOMAS CHRISTIANS): A PICTORIAL
REVIEW</span></a></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">MARTIN
THOMAS ANTONY<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Independent
scholar)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GRW1m6dHdhw/YANsU1cnMcI/AAAAAAAAies/FbgE7wVuGZQ5Pg8P1cTLpCNfT-5RcWkwQCLcBGAsYHQ/s895/Picture20.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="556" data-original-width="895" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GRW1m6dHdhw/YANsU1cnMcI/AAAAAAAAies/FbgE7wVuGZQ5Pg8P1cTLpCNfT-5RcWkwQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture20.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 20px; text-align: left;">This paper was presented in the Aram Society for Syro Mesopotamian studies Forty Eighth International Conference on Syriac Christianity 11-13th July 2018 at Oriental Institute, Oxford University and has been published in the Aram Periodical Volume 32, 2020 pp253-285 .</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Aram 32: 1&2, (2020), 253-258</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Mar
Thoma Nasranis (Saint Thomas Christians) are one of the earliest Christian
communities in the world. Numerous patristic writings and ancient documents
bear witness to the early presence of the Christian faith in India. Apart from
the presence of granite inscriptional tablets, grants engraved on copper plates
and Pahlavi inscribed crosses, not many native documents are extant from the
pre-Portuguese period.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> In this paper, I would like to focus on photographic
images of some of those valuable inscriptions and discuss their relevance to
the historiography of Indian Christianity.<a name="_Hlk508650324"> </a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Granite
inscriptional tablets </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">and
the Pahlavi inscribed granite crosses narrate the history of the Saint Thomas
Christians in India, the evolution of an inculturated native Christian
community and the conflicts related to religio-colonial invasion and
suppression. Pahlavi inscribed bas relief crosses tell the story of the migration
of Christians from Persia. Interestingly, copies of the crosses show cultural
adaptations of South Indian artistic elements. These crosses are evidence of
the evolution of a native icon of worship. The inscriptions are found <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">on </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">granite tablets, crosses and altar
wall. They</span> are in East and West Syriac, Pahlavi, a middle Persian script
and in 'vattezhuthu', an ancient script of the local Malayalam language. They
consist of the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">edict of a
local king</span>, accounts of events, prayers or liturgical formulae and
funerary inscriptions. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">The
edict of Thazhekkad of the 8-11th century, recording of a local king giving
favours and privileges to the Christians inscribed on a granite slab, is one of
the most ancient inscriptions still extant.</span> The inscriptional tablet at
the ancient church at Muttuchira and the pedestal of the open-air rock cross at
the ancient church of Champakulam are examples of inscriptions which record significant
events. In addition, there are many funerary inscriptions, one of which, found
at the church at Udayamperoor and concerning the death of a Christian king, throws
light on the existence of a Christian dynasty in South India. There are several
Syriac language inscriptions which range from the ancient Judeo-Christian usage
of 'Yah' at the Church at Koratty to inscriptions of Latinised theological
content. These treasures of ancient Christianity in India call for research
from multiple academic disciplines.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">SAINT THOMAS CHRISTIANS OF INDIA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Christians
of Saint Thomas in India are believed to be the community founded by the preaching
of Apostle Thomas in the first century AD. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> The Apostle Thomas is held to have been
sent to preach in the Persian Empire, which during this period extended as far
as the north-west of India. Christian communities were founded throughout
Persia, and in places such as Herat, in Afghanistan. Traditional accounts hold
that Apostle Thomas returned to Jerusalem for the Synod of Jerusalem, and then,
during the second dispersal of the apostles, travelled to Socotra, an island in
the Arabian Sea, and thence across the sea to South India, making use of the monsoon
winds.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
It is believed that Apostle Thomas landed in Maliamkara, also known as Musiris,
near Kodungalloor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after: avoid; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ARCHAEOLOGY AND EPIGRAPHY IN
HISTORICAL STUDIES<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Archaeology
is an important element in historical studies. Archaeology by definition is the
study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and
analysis of artefacts and other physical remains.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
It is the scientific study of human activity in the past. This includes the study
of artefacts, architectural elements, biofacts (organic material like bones,
plants, and so on), and the cultural landscape.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Epigraphy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Written
information from the past is available as inscriptions and manuscripts.
Inscriptions and manuscripts are invaluable in the study of history as written
information. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">An inscription is a piece of writing or lettering engraved,
etched, incised, traced, stamped or otherwise imprinted into or onto a durable
surface.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Palaeography deals with the forms of writings while epigraphy
deals with not only the lettering but the subject matter of inscriptions as
well.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Epigraphy is a branch of palaeography. The analysis of epigraphic inscriptions
is a very important tool for archaeological studies. Epigraphy is the
scientific study and interpretation of ancient inscriptions.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222;">Barthold George Niebuhr, sometimes
called the ‘father of modern historiography’, recognised that inscriptions are
the essential primary sources in the study of antiquity, as documents are for modern
history.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ARCHAEOLOGY OF THOMAS CHRISTIANS<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Artefacts<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Crosses:
granite bas relief crosses, open air crosses.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Inscriptions
or documentations.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Inscriptions
on granite tablets and altar crosses, copper plates, altar walls, funerary
inscriptions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manuscripts:
palm leaf documents (in literature, these are called ‘ola’ which is a Malayalam
word for palm leaf). <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Church
murals which provide evidence concerning ancient practices, such as the
customary method of blessing crosses, the attire of the clergy, and the theological
understanding of the community.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Plaster
art: this is found in some churches built in the post-Portuguese period, depicting
certain unusual creatures and animals, probably from Biblical descriptions, and
throwing light on certain historical events, including the attack of Tippu
Sultan, a Muslim conqueror who attacked several Christian churches and is
likely the subject of plaster artworks depicting a tiger and soldiers with a gun.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Architectural
Elements <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Mailappore
tomb.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tombs
of the 9<sup>th</sup> century Fathers Mar Denha, Mar Abo, Mar Younan and Mar
Raban.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Large
open-air rock crosses.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Granite
altar crosses.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The architecture
of ancient churches.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Granite
baptismal fonts.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">BIOFACTS AND
C</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">ultural Landscapes<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Excavations at Pattanam near Kodungalloor
and excavations at the Mailappore Tomb of Apostle Thomas.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Recent
excavations in Pattanam near Kodungalloor in Kerala indicate the presence of a
port in a location which is now some distance from the shore, near Pattanam. The
archaeological discovery of a wide range of objects, including beads and
variety of local, Mediterranean and Roman pottery, reveal a strong maritime
trade relation with the Middle East.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Palaeobotanical evidence from the wharf site and a canoe excavated from the
Pattanam excavation site provide further indications of the existence of
</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ancient spice trade, operating from the port of Muziris from the 1st century BC
to the 4<sup>th</sup> century AD.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
This is <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">a piece of</span> strong
evidence that there were all the facilities for Apostle Thomas to arrive in
South India in the first century.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: white;">CROSSES<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: white;">Open air Granite crosses are seen
widespread among ancient Saint Thomas Christian settlements. These crosses were
probably the most ancient places of worship. Many of these crosses are seen on
the wayside with facilities for lighting lamps and breaking coconuts as a
ritual among the native Dravidian communities. Narrations of Joseph, the Indian
in AD 1502 comments about the presence of these crosses attached to the
churches<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: white;">Pahlavi inscribed bas relief crosses
are seen as altar crosses in the ancient Thomas Christian Churches.</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">Details
of these crosses are given in the next section of this paper.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Inscriptional
Tablets: Historical Documentation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">It is
unfortunate that most of the manuscripts relating to the history of the St
Thomas Christians have been lost, partly due to the climate of South India.
Palm leaves are very fragile and not long-lasting. Therefore, copper plates were
used for particularly important documentation. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Many documents were systematically destroyed by Portuguese
missionaries, who considered them to be vehicles of heresy. During the
Portuguese invasion, the Archbishop of Goa, Alexis Dom Menesis, visited all the
Thomas Christian churches specifically in order to collect their manuscripts
for destruction.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
This was a great loss for historians as most of the liturgical and
paraliturgical manuscripts were lost forever, although some were preserved by the
families of the clergy. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">There are also a large number of inscriptions on granite
tablets found around the ancient Thomas Christians communities and churches.
Most of them are the funerary inscriptions of prominent persons. There are a
few records of events and prayer formulae. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after: avoid; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Funerary
Inscriptions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after: avoid; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The
oldest among these is a funerary inscriptional tablet found at the ancient
church at Aruvithura, in the eastern part of the Kottayam District in Kerala.
There are a number of inscribed funerary tablets displayed in the church. The
oldest is from AD 927. This ‘vattezhuthu’ inscription, which is not completely
deciphered, reads “… in the year 102 …”.
This could refer to the Malayalam Era (Kolla varsham), in which case the date
would correspond to AD 927.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">There are a number of funerary inscriptional tablets kept at
the church at Udayamperoor, where the infamous Synod of Diamper took place.
These tablets offer some evidence for the existence of a Christian dynasty in
Kerala. One of the inscriptional tablets placed in the museum at Udayamperoor
reads “<i>chennongalathu partha villarvattam
Thoma rajavu nadu neengi, 1500 kumbham randam theeyathi”</i>.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><i> </i>This
could be rendered in English as ‘on the second day of the month of kumbham, in
the year 1500 (probably AD 1500), the King of Villarvattam, who resided at
Chennamangalam, passed away’.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
There was another tablet, now lost, which mentioned the death of
“Chenamparampil mathulla thampuran” (Lord/King Mathulla of Chenamparampil).<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">There are a number of inscribed tablets found at churches
including Pallippuram church, Kanjoor church, and Kaduthuruthy church, among
many others. These talk about the death of certain important persons.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--sBs1FPQSSQ/YANf4KmMUPI/AAAAAAAAiUM/hHSd2oQjHdw-hdR2zMFOHXywgjDcDnB7ACLcBGAsYHQ/s1240/Picture1.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="930" data-original-width="1240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--sBs1FPQSSQ/YANf4KmMUPI/AAAAAAAAiUM/hHSd2oQjHdw-hdR2zMFOHXywgjDcDnB7ACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /> </span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saint
George’s church, Aruvithura, Kottayam Kerala, India. (Syro Malabar Church),
funerary inscription<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1OwZ7XiF5AU/YANiu1JyQPI/AAAAAAAAiYI/9AxoZZWD8WYcQMzaIPwIEaXCmWbbwEvjgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1113/Picture2.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1113" data-original-width="835" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1OwZ7XiF5AU/YANiu1JyQPI/AAAAAAAAiYI/9AxoZZWD8WYcQMzaIPwIEaXCmWbbwEvjgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture2.jpg" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_16" o:spid="_x0000_i1063" style="height: 273pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 364.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Funerary
inscriptional tablet, Saint Mary’s Forane Church, Kaduthuruthy, Kerala, India. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Syro
Malabar Knanaya)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aB6fZh73EKQ/YANjCkg5dZI/AAAAAAAAiZ8/6Fy7Gj2VxwszwMjt2gzPyJ23jbesZ8InQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1183/Picture3.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="887" data-original-width="1183" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aB6fZh73EKQ/YANjCkg5dZI/AAAAAAAAiZ8/6Fy7Gj2VxwszwMjt2gzPyJ23jbesZ8InQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_20" o:spid="_x0000_i1062" style="height: 290.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 387pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A funerary
inscription at Udayamperoor church concerning King Thomas of Villarvattom. Saint
Mary’s Church (Synod of Diamper Church), Udayamperoor, Ernakulam District,
Kerala. Syro Malabar Church)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vRjoONvLEg4/YANjKWKelVI/AAAAAAAAiaY/S-VFVtCmoOIvApgbVpqQrxzMJqIxbpEuACLcBGAsYHQ/s1183/Picture4.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="887" data-original-width="1183" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vRjoONvLEg4/YANjKWKelVI/AAAAAAAAiaY/S-VFVtCmoOIvApgbVpqQrxzMJqIxbpEuACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_18" o:spid="_x0000_i1061" style="height: 290.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 387pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Funerary
inscriptional tablets, Saint Mary’s Forane Church, Kanjoor, Ernakualm District,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Kerala, India. (Syro Malabar Church)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mT-29mf4gno/YANjSYz4V3I/AAAAAAAAiag/vkFHVrNgKzkkj-xk7X2VV3lZ75MdjZMTACLcBGAsYHQ/s1183/Picture5.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="887" data-original-width="1183" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mT-29mf4gno/YANjSYz4V3I/AAAAAAAAiag/vkFHVrNgKzkkj-xk7X2VV3lZ75MdjZMTACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_23" o:spid="_x0000_i1060" style="height: 290.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 387pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Funerary
inscriptions, Saint Mary’s Forane Church, Pallippuram, Alleppey District, Kerala,
India.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Syro
Malabar Church.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">NARRATION OF EVENTS<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">muttuchira lithic inscriptions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Muttuchira
Lithic inscriptional tablet, found at the Ruha D Khudisa Church at Muttuchira,
Kottayam, is a rectangular granite slab with inscriptions in two sections
narrating events that occurred in AD 1528, 1580 and 1581. Mr T. K. Joseph, an
eminent historian of the early twentieth century, considered that this
inscriptional tablet was probably made in AD 1581 or later.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The first section of the inscription, on the left half of the
tablet, records the erection of a cross on the ground by Bishops Mar Denha<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and Mar Avoo, along with ‘Cathanar’ (‘Pastor’ in the local tongue) Giwargis in
AD 1528, upon the order of the Lord, and then records that Cathanar Giwargis
went to Portugal along with his nephew. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The second section, on the right half of the inscriptional
tablet, narrates events in AD 1580 and 1581. In AD 1580, on a Sunday, the 13th
day of the month of ‘kanni’ (Malayalam era), on the feast of Mar Sliva (Holy
Cross), this cross was erected and covered with wood/sand. In the same year, on
the 18<sup>th</sup> day of ‘kanni’, on the feast day, this ‘uthira kurishu’ (or
‘bleeding Cross’: a model for the famous bleeding Cross of Mailappore) was
erected. In AD 1581, on the day of Good Friday, the 29<sup>th</sup> day of
‘meenam’(Malayalam era month meenam), this granite cross (an open-air granite
cross) was erected.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">This inscription describes a number of events and throws
light on the religio-cultural milieu of the time. These inscriptions must date
from during or after AD 1581. Events recorded as taking place in AD 1528 include
the erection of a cross on the ground. This suggests the building of a new
church on the old site by erecting a cross to bless the ground. It also
describes a Cathanar (pastor) travelling to Portugal, recording a friendly
phas</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">e <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">of the relation</span>
betw</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">een Thomas Christians and the Portuguese missionaries. In 1580, another
cross was erected and covered with sand (perhaps this indicates plastering) and
another narrative records the erection of the cross which was the model of the
Mailappore cross: the Pahlavi inscribed cross, on the feast of Holy Cross. This
seems to describe moving the altar cross from the old site to the new site. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">This offers evidence for a few historical events:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. The celebration of the feast of Holy Cross in the month of
<i>kanni</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. The terminology <i>ruthira kurishu</i> means ‘bleeding
cross’, echoing accounts of the Mailappore cross sweating blood, as reported by
Portuguese missionaries. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. The installation of the open-air granite cross in AD 1581.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_44" o:spid="_x0000_i1059" style="height: 321.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 429pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GXH_yQy2dGo/YANjdBEOIAI/AAAAAAAAiao/5pxrPKhFxRkZx7vJB7BsHxBckuYiLh5kgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1311/Picture6.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="982" data-original-width="1311" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GXH_yQy2dGo/YANjdBEOIAI/AAAAAAAAiao/5pxrPKhFxRkZx7vJB7BsHxBckuYiLh5kgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Muttuchira
inscription, Ruha D Kudisa Forane Church Muttuchira, Kottayam District, Kerala,
India.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kanjoor wooden <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">inscription</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Mishiha pirannittu orairathi nanootti moonnu kalam annu
kollam 577 andu mithina maasam ancham theeyathi akkara vethethi maari kazhi palaka
panithu. Ezhupathettamandu thula maasam ettinu utharam kayatti. Annu naduvile
cheelanthi 4 nnu churulu marreettilla. Kumbha maasam pazhe kanakkil 12 kuniak
tharachu vithanam vachuvappalasseril assari kele kunjittunnaman ethu ezhuthu</span></i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">This inscription is talking about the renovation work done in
AD 1403, which is clarified in the inscription as Malayalam Era 577. It is
interesting to note that the year was described as ‘in the year of Christ’ 1403
and clarified as ‘kollam’ 577. This demonstrates that <i>Anno Domini</i> dating
was used in the pre-Portuguese period. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">champakulam
open-air rock cross <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">inscription</span>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The
open-air rock cross at the ancient Marth Maryam Basilica at Champakulam in the Alleppey
District of Kerala has <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">an inscription</span>
around it in old Malayalam script. This records the renovation of the Church
and the replacement of the open-air rock cross. According to the inscription,
the cross was placed on the eastern side of the old church. About 670 years
after the renovation, in AD 1821, the cross was taken down when the <i>madbha<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[20]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></i>
was restored, and replaced when the cemetery was built in AD 1857.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
From <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">this</span>, it can
be assumed that in </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">AD 1151 this cross was placed on the eastern side of the
church. This is the only cross with documentary evidence of such antiquity.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zfpi6qsPUU8/YANjleJXVtI/AAAAAAAAiaw/-yTuM61puaga2ilwXZrswLAdn_ZxPCxbwCLcBGAsYHQ/s736/Picture7.png" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="552" data-original-width="736" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zfpi6qsPUU8/YANjleJXVtI/AAAAAAAAiaw/-yTuM61puaga2ilwXZrswLAdn_ZxPCxbwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture7.png" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_40" o:spid="_x0000_i1058" style="height: 264.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 353.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Champakulam
open air cross inscription, Marth Maryam Basilica, Champakulam, Alleppey
District, Kerala, India (Syro Malabar Church)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Another vattezhuthu inscription at
Chamapkulam Marth Maryam Basilica, on a stepping stone which has been eroded
away, reads 844. This date could be the Malayalam era, corresponding to AD
1669. This could be a tombstone.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_41" o:spid="_x0000_i1057" style="height: 281.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 375.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-93IAWAnZDpQ/YANjtIPLm7I/AAAAAAAAia4/Pu1vAHRl3oIXK1bmn30LQkOAG-bKv1R6QCLcBGAsYHQ/s783/Picture8.png" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="587" data-original-width="783" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-93IAWAnZDpQ/YANjtIPLm7I/AAAAAAAAia4/Pu1vAHRl3oIXK1bmn30LQkOAG-bKv1R6QCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture8.png" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /> </span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Marth
Maryam Basilica, Champakulam, Alleppey District, Kerala, India.(Syro Malabar
Church), <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">stepping
stone inscription.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Edict</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> of
Thazhekkadu / Thazhekkad Sassanam<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">This
is an edict written in ‘Vattezhuth’ script on a large granite slab found at the
base of the open-air rock cross at ‘Thazhekkad’ Church in Trichur District in
Kerala. Currently it is kept on the premises of the church. There are
inscriptions on both sides.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
This edict was issued by King Rajasimhan(1028-1043 AD), conferring certain
privileges on ‘Chathan vadukan’ and ‘Iravi Kothan’, two local Christian traders
who were members of ‘Manigramam’, a trade guild.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
This granite slab is most likely a public copy on <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">a</span> stone of an original copper plate document given
to the Christian settlers.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn25" title="">[25]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn25" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RCtJcAFhNMY/YANjzlVKJQI/AAAAAAAAia8/BICDA2qaKG09J1GG32pMZrXjqeU8GwpaQCLcBGAsYHQ/s937/Picture9.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="624" data-original-width="937" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RCtJcAFhNMY/YANjzlVKJQI/AAAAAAAAia8/BICDA2qaKG09J1GG32pMZrXjqeU8GwpaQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture9.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_46" o:spid="_x0000_i1056" style="height: 204pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 306.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Edict
of Thazhekkadu AD 1028-43 in vattezhuthu, Saint Sebastian’s Church,
Thazhekkadu, Irinjalakkuda, Kerala, India. (Syro Malabar Church.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Kaduthuruthy
St Mary’s Church inscription.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A
granite slab at Kaduthuruthy Saint Mary’s Church in vattezhuthu records the
rebuilding of the old church and its consecration by Mar Abraham in AD 1590:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Maran icho mishiah pirannittu 1590
Kollam 765 Kumbham 22 njayarazhcha, palli valuthai paniyan, Mar Avira methranum
kathangalum Kurbana kuppayam ittu</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">oru</span> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kallu anchu kaikalil pidichu maduvail vechu. Ammeneecho.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">As part of rebuilding the church,
Bishop Mar Abraham and the Priests, after wearing vestments, took a stone and placed in the madbha. Amen
Jesus.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zyKt29D03bA/YANj5anIGbI/AAAAAAAAibE/Wio8hnm8Y3EAXpaNDwmW5DUhyZBer_2FACLcBGAsYHQ/s906/Picture10.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="679" data-original-width="906" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zyKt29D03bA/YANj5anIGbI/AAAAAAAAibE/Wio8hnm8Y3EAXpaNDwmW5DUhyZBer_2FACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture10.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_29" o:spid="_x0000_i1055" style="height: 222pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 296.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kaduthuruthy
inscription in vattezhuthu, Saint Mary’s Forane Church, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">K</span>a</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">duthuruthy, Kottayam District, Kerala,
India. (Syro Malabar Church, Knanaya)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Mulanthuruthy
inscription<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">This
inscription in Estrangela records the installation of the main door of the
Syriac orthodox church at Mulanthuruthy in AD 1575.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9lNK-MavB8g/YANj-JbQ6FI/AAAAAAAAibM/KCpvo558gXQ4gOdfHuUNuH-g4bJYaxLogCLcBGAsYHQ/s1314/Picture11.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="876" data-original-width="1314" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9lNK-MavB8g/YANj-JbQ6FI/AAAAAAAAibM/KCpvo558gXQ4gOdfHuUNuH-g4bJYaxLogCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture11.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_22" o:spid="_x0000_i1054" style="height: 286.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 430.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mulanthuruthy
inscription, Marthomman Jacobite Syrian cathedral, Mulanthuruthy, Kerala,
India. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Syriac
Orthodox)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PRAYER FORMULAE/THEOLOGICAL
FORMULAE<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Pahlavi
inscriptions on altar crosses<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prayer
formulae are found on the granite altar crosses. The Pahlavi inscribed granite
crosses of South India are a type of granite bas relief crosses with Pahlavi
inscriptions. Antonio Gouvea reported that during the visit of Archbishop
Menesis, almost all of the ancient churches were adorned with these crosses -
he described these crosses as ‘Saint Thomas’ Crosses’, as they were called by
the people of the time. This could mean that these were the religio-cultural
symbol of the Saint Thomas Christians in the seventeenth century. During the
same period, due to the excavations of Portuguese missionaries at Mailappore, the
‘miraculous cross of Mailappore’ was found at the tomb of Saint Thomas the
Apostle, and immediately became famous.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Several scholars deciphered these Pahlavi
inscriptions, which were the subject of discussions in reputed oriental
scholastic forums. There are several versions of these translations:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> In punishment by the Cross, was the suffering
of this One, he who is the true Christ and the God above, and Guide ever pure.
(A C Burnell1878)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Who believes in the Mishiha (Syriac word for
Christ-Anointed) and God above, and in the Holy Ghost is redeemed through the
Grace of Him who bore the Cross. (Martin Haug 1874)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> He whom the suffering of the self-same
Mishiha, the forgiving and upraising, has saved, is offering the plea whose
origin was the agony of this. (E M West 1896)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> One who is the true Mishiha the reconciler,
raising him ever purifies from virtue from the crucifixion of Him. (Baron De
Harlez (1892)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Four readings of Pahlavi and Parsi scholar Dastur
Darab Peshotan Sanjana (1914)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.2pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 1cm 0cm 46.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Such
was the affliction of the wounding and spearing of him who was faithful
Mishiha, a forgiver, of superior dignity the descendant of Chahr Bukht.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.2pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 1cm 0cm 46.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">This
was the affliction of the spearing and wounding of him on the cross who was the
faithful Mishiha, the merciful one, the descendant of the Great Abrahim, the
descendant of Chahr Bukht.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.2pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 1cm 0cm 46.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">iii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">He of
whom the faithful Mishiha was a forgiver, highly exalted, redeemed from the
four, was due to the affliction of spearing and wounding on the Cross.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.2pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 1cm 0cm 46.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">iv.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">This
was the affliction on the cross even of the messenger of Jehova.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> I, a beautiful bird from Nineveh, have come to
this country, written by Mar Shapur. Holy Misiha, the forgiver, freed me from
thorn (afflictions). Dr J J Modi1923-26)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> C P T Winkworth 1929<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 1cm 0cm 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">My
Lord Christ have mercy on Afras, son of Chahr bukht, the Syrian who cut this.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 1cm 0cm 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">My Lord Christ have mercy upon Afras the son of
Chahr bukht, the Syrian who preserved this.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 1cm 0cm 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">iii.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">My Lord Christ, have mercy upon Afras, son of
Chahr bukht , the Syrian who put it around.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Our Lord Jesus Christ have mercy about son of
Chaharbuxt, son of George who erects this. (W B Henning 1958).<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222;">Lord
Mishiha, (Christ) saviour too, and supreme revelation too (of) four Apostles
Syrians who saved this.</span> /<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222;">Lord
and saviour and supreme revelation of the four apostles gave salvation (B T
Anklesaria 1958)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> May our
Lord Messiah have mercy on Gabriel, son of Chaharbokht, grandson of Durzad who
made this (cross) (Gerd Gropp 1970)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222;">May
our Lord the Messiah have mercy upon Sabriso, son of Chaharboxt the deft, who
sculpted this (Cross) (Philippe Gignoux 1995)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222;">Our
Lord Christ, have pity on Sabriso, son of Chaharboxt, son of Suray who bore
(brought?) this (Cross) (Carlo G Cereti, Luca M Oliviery, Fr Joseph
Vazhuthanappalli (CICAAR-CASI) 2002)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 17.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> My Lord
is the Mishiha and life-giver, who be praised forever because of salvation. Indeed,
the Lord suffered crucifixion to redeem us. (Shailanand Hemraj 2014)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.2pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 1cm 0cm 46.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">These crosses bear the story of the migration and integration
of the Persian Christians into the Indian Church. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">C P T Winkworth studied the Mailappore cross, two crosses of
Kottayam and the cross at Kadamattom and noted in 1929 that these inscriptions
are unintelligent copies of an original. He found that there are only a few
minor differences: some letters are not cut correctly, some are cut upside down
and there is a mirror image character on the Kadamattom Cross. He proposed that
these are copies of an original, made from estampages on a paper or parchment
from the original and arranged in such a way as to reproduce the inscriptions,
and that while doing so, the sculptor used the reverse side of the medium to
cut a certain character, tried to correct a straight line into a curved line
without erasing the former, and omitted certain portions. Using this
calligraphic analysis, Winkworth concluded that the smaller Kottayam Cross
inscription is the original, the Mailappore cross is an intelligent copy of it
(that is, there are no major aberrations), while the larger Kottayam cross
shows some aberrations, and the Kadamattom cross shows significant aberrations.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
This is reflecte</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">in</span>
t</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">he translation of Mr J J Modi as shown before. Winkworth’s arguments were
presented in the 17<sup>th</sup> International Congress of Orientals held at
Oxford in 1928 and were generally accepted by the Iranian scholars who were also
present.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">More crosses were subsequently discovered, and B T Anklesaria
had the opportunity to study the crosses at Mailappore, Kottayam, Kadamattom,
Alengad and Muttuchira, as well as the previous interpretations. Anklesaria
commented that the inscription on Alengad cross was most likely the original
and the most ancient, perhaps dating to as early as AD 340, based on
orthographic and epigraphic evidence. Anklesaria found that the 9<sup>th</sup>-word
‘suriha’ is cut correctly only on the Alengad cross, the conjunct ‘ich’ at the
end of the third word and the seventh word are cut distinctly on the Alenagd
cross and the smaller Kottayam Cross, but the ‘ich’ at the end of the third
word is dropped on the larger Kottayam Cross. The ‘ch’ of the eighth word
‘chahar-bap’ is connected by mistake to the ‘ich’ of the seventh word in both
Kottayam crosses, but is cut correctly on the Alengad cross. Also the conjunct
u is prefixed to the fourth word ‘madam’ only on the Alengad cross.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Alengad cross has a crack at the right lower part, which
makes the b in the 11<sup>th</sup> word read as a v, but the letter is correctly
written on both Kottayam Crosses, the Mailappore cross and Muttuchira cross.
This confirms that this crack was formed after the inscription was copied. This
crack might have formed when the old church at Alenagd, where this cross was
placed like an altar cross, was burned down in a war between kingdoms of Parur
and Mangattu in AD 1603, as described by Antonio Gouvea.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Considering the opinions of Winkworth and Anklesaria, it
becomes clear that these crosses with a prayer formula inscribed in Pahlavi
script originally belonged to the Pahlavi speaking migrant Persian Christians.
These crosses with inscriptions were copied locally by sculptors who did not
know Pahlavi. Calligraphic evidence suggests that the Alengad cross could be
the original and could be from the period around AD 340. It was copied by local
Christian congregations with minor aberrations to the inscriptions and gradual
changes in the design of the cross, with local adaptations taking place along
the east coast of South India, so that the Mailappore cross, for instance, is
distinguished by artistic elements, such as distinctive pillars and Makara</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">T</span>o</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">rana, which have been adopted
from the local culture.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_yEUbk4mf5k/YANkHmH-YuI/AAAAAAAAibU/tQrcczvB6_83J7R1w_T8uCs806gE092gQCLcBGAsYHQ/s396/Picture12.png" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="341" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_yEUbk4mf5k/YANkHmH-YuI/AAAAAAAAibU/tQrcczvB6_83J7R1w_T8uCs806gE092gQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture12.png" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_34" o:spid="_x0000_i1053" style="height: 297pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 255.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alengad
Sliva, Saint Mary’s Church Alengad, Ernakulam District, Kerala, India. (Syro
Malabar Church).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OscCKDWn8go/YANkNCXd9iI/AAAAAAAAibc/Y3u28asSVXkxmXLQu9DH1BTtC_40rDqewCLcBGAsYHQ/s515/Picture13.png" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="515" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OscCKDWn8go/YANkNCXd9iI/AAAAAAAAibc/Y3u28asSVXkxmXLQu9DH1BTtC_40rDqewCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture13.png" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_36" o:spid="_x0000_i1052" style="height: 290.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 386.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kottayam
Valia Palli Cross, Pahlavi inscriptions. <a name="_Hlk15588288">Saint Mary’s
Knanaya Valiyapalli, Kottayam, <o:p></o:p></a></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kerala, India. (Syriac Orthodox).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-axyK_dUvrh8/YANkSIhjIhI/AAAAAAAAibk/tgxPqjAagdIEdV4Wox-BHqyLLmSJc4BmgCLcBGAsYHQ/s516/Picture14.png" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="516" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-axyK_dUvrh8/YANkSIhjIhI/AAAAAAAAibk/tgxPqjAagdIEdV4Wox-BHqyLLmSJc4BmgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture14.png" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_37" o:spid="_x0000_i1051" style="height: 290.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 387pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kottayam
Valiya Palli cross, Pahlavi and Syriac inscriptions, Saint Mary’s Knanaya
Valiyapalli, Kottayam, Kerala, India. (Syriac Orthodox).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZqFRc19T38A/YANkX6BPIbI/AAAAAAAAibo/G3OPkIzybFET2yzrlLz6wfsdQAoWHFZUwCLcBGAsYHQ/s516/Picture15.png" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="516" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZqFRc19T38A/YANkX6BPIbI/AAAAAAAAibo/G3OPkIzybFET2yzrlLz6wfsdQAoWHFZUwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture15.png" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_38" o:spid="_x0000_i1050" style="height: 290.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 387pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mailappore
Cross, Mailappore, Tamilnadu, India. Pahlavi inscriptions, Our Lady of
Expectation Shrine, Parangimalai, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--HANlhLVhKA/YANke5ZFhOI/AAAAAAAAibw/4yucITxS6nwT4cX4bFB1cmBcRxPsoZBfACLcBGAsYHQ/s1173/Picture16.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="878" data-original-width="1173" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--HANlhLVhKA/YANke5ZFhOI/AAAAAAAAibw/4yucITxS6nwT4cX4bFB1cmBcRxPsoZBfACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture16.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_i1049" style="height: 287.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 384pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kadamattom
Cross, Saint Goerge Church Kadamattom, Ernakulam District, Kerala, India, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Malankara
Orthodox Church).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3qNeZT7xF_8/YANkmdxMIpI/AAAAAAAAib0/HUXbkJEY-lIxBS6txfjIZz7ZmZK1oEBdACLcBGAsYHQ/s1268/Picture17.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="845" data-original-width="1268" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3qNeZT7xF_8/YANkmdxMIpI/AAAAAAAAib0/HUXbkJEY-lIxBS6txfjIZz7ZmZK1oEBdACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture17.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_21" o:spid="_x0000_i1048" style="height: 276.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 414.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kothanalloor
Cross, no inscriptions. SS Gaevasis and Proctasius Church, Kothanalloor,
Kottayam, Kerala India.(Syro Malabar Church).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KlGXxI6lcck/YANkrYMqLlI/AAAAAAAAib8/gBrHipCSNSsRS7cQOATRB1iaAunrwuf3wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1242/Picture18.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="930" data-original-width="1242" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KlGXxI6lcck/YANkrYMqLlI/AAAAAAAAib8/gBrHipCSNSsRS7cQOATRB1iaAunrwuf3wCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture18.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_28" o:spid="_x0000_i1047" style="height: 304.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 406.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Muttuchira
Sliva with Pahlavi inscriptions, Ruha D Kudisa Forane Church Muttuchira,
Kottayam, Kerala, India (Syro Malabar Church).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">‘Yah’ on the Koratty Open air Rock cross.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The
ancient open-air cross at the church of Koratty in the Ernakulam District of
Kerala of the Syro-Malabar Church has Syriac inscriptions on it. This open-air
cross looks very old, with facilities for lighting oil lamps. The cross has two
horizontal arms, a short slab on the top of it and a longer one in the usual
position, some distance below the top one. The inscriptions are in 3 lines, on
the top horizontal arm, on the vertical piece between the two horizontal arms
and the bottom horizontal arm. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The top line reads: ‘Hana isho nasraya malca d ihoodaya’
meaning ‘This one is Jesus the nasrite, the king of Jews’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The second line reads: ‘Yah.’ This is the Syriac version of
the Tetragrammaton of the name of God.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The third line reads:‘Hana emreh d alaha hoo daskal hatheeth
d’ alma’ meaning ‘Behold the Lamb of God who took away the sins of the World’.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The use of this ancent form, Yah, is highly significant. The
Tetragrammaton (Hebrew YHWH) is the name of God in the Old Testament, with
vowels added by scholars thought to represent the most likely vocalisation. In
Syriac manuscripts, the usage is ‘Mari Yah’, meaning Lord God. This inscription
is a classic example of the Judeo-Christian nature of Christianity in South
India.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-r3Lf4KocPTQ/YANkx_lY2VI/AAAAAAAAicE/eAwp8J0Zyo8ipk3oSHoBnvmEom8z5YATQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1240/Picture19.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="994" data-original-width="1240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-r3Lf4KocPTQ/YANkx_lY2VI/AAAAAAAAicE/eAwp8J0Zyo8ipk3oSHoBnvmEom8z5YATQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture19.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_19" o:spid="_x0000_i1046" style="height: 325.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 405.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Open-air
Rock Cross Koratty, Kerala, India with inscriptions ‘Yah’(Saint Mary’s Church,
Koratty, Thrissur, Kerala, India, Syro Malabar Church).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JCzxrkXN-SM/YANk4hAMYTI/AAAAAAAAicI/w90sKdEuGK8TjhaDOaLxpxCnkGfCVyLrwCLcBGAsYHQ/s895/Picture20.png" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="556" data-original-width="895" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JCzxrkXN-SM/YANk4hAMYTI/AAAAAAAAicI/w90sKdEuGK8TjhaDOaLxpxCnkGfCVyLrwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture20.png" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_11" o:spid="_x0000_i1045" style="height: 267pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 429.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Open-air
Rock Cross Koratty, Kerala, India with inscriptions ‘Yah’(Saint Mary’s Church,
Koratty, Thrissur, Kerala, India, Syro Malabar Church)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Picture
courtesy: Rev Dr Jacob Thekkeparampil)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Inscription on Muzhikulam Open-air rock cross<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The
open-air cross at the Syro Malabar Church at Muzhikkulam, Ernakulam District in
Kerala is the same shape as the Koratty cross, with two cross arms. There is a
line of Syriac inscription on the top cross arm which reads: ‘Hanau Malka d
ihoodaya’ ‘This one is the King of Jews’.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_32" o:spid="_x0000_i1044" style="height: 187.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 281.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t0Q-zks3TNo/YANk96F-uoI/AAAAAAAAicQ/EhtakLJM1AQcM9U5ZpdhMOQuatFH7DxPgCLcBGAsYHQ/s859/Picture21.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="572" data-original-width="859" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t0Q-zks3TNo/YANk96F-uoI/AAAAAAAAicQ/EhtakLJM1AQcM9U5ZpdhMOQuatFH7DxPgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture21.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /> </span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saint Mary’s Church, Moozhikulam Ernakulam District, Kerala
India. Syriac inscription on open-air rock cross.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Inscription
on Open-air rock cross of <i>Kottayam Valiya Palli<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">This
is an ancient church that belongs to the Knanaya Jacobite Syrian Church at
Kottayam, popularly known as <i>Kottayam Valiya Palli</i>, the Great Church of
Kottayam. This open-air rock cross also has a top horizontal bar on which a
cross is engraved, and on the right-hand side of the cross Syriac letters are
engraved in two lines, ‘Hes’: ‘Noon’. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Below this is written ‘noon’, ‘meem’, ‘yod’. This is the
abbreviation of INRI in Syriac: ‘Hana isho nasraya malca d ihoodaya’.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn48" title="">[48]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn48" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Rg1tDBjy2aI/YANlFX4SCVI/AAAAAAAAicY/MNBZLjcteP0AN1rm4xd3fSAsigJPOheGwCLcBGAsYHQ/s937/Picture22.png" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="937" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Rg1tDBjy2aI/YANlFX4SCVI/AAAAAAAAicY/MNBZLjcteP0AN1rm4xd3fSAsigJPOheGwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture22.png" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_i1043" style="height: 286.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 450pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kottayam
Valia Palli Open-air rock cross inscription. (Saint Mary’s Knanaya Valiya
Palli, Kottayam, Kerala, India. ( Syriac Orthodox Church Knanaya).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Picture
courtesy:Rev Dr Jacob Thekkeparampil)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Pallippuram granite cross<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">This
is a small granite cross found in the premises of the ancient church at Pallippuram
in Alleppey District in Kerala. The cross shows a few Syriac letters on the top
end where the INRI is seen usually. This could be an abbreviation of INRI in
Syriac as yod, noon, meem, yod. But the letters are not very clear: the second
character seems to be noon, followed by meem and then beth. It could be that the
inscriber was illiterate in Syriac characters and so copied the characters
incorrectly, or made them indistinct in an attempt at correcting earlier
mistakes. The third character, ‘meem’, shows some indistinct cuts, suggesting
there was an attempt to correct it. The
inscription could also be a year denoted in Syriac characters.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RDuOofD7RKU/YANlKpmH2rI/AAAAAAAAicc/NvJ7y7M4NxsEsHX7lTLjgvlJxqUZwoW5ACLcBGAsYHQ/s1239/Picture23.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="697" data-original-width="1239" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RDuOofD7RKU/YANlKpmH2rI/AAAAAAAAicc/NvJ7y7M4NxsEsHX7lTLjgvlJxqUZwoW5ACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture23.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_24" o:spid="_x0000_i1042" style="height: 228pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 405.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pallippuram
church- Syriac inscription on a cross. Saint Mary’s Forane Church, Pallippuram,
Alleppey District, Kerala, India. (Syro Malabar Church).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Mailappore Saint Thomas Tomb Church inscription<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">This
is an unknown inscription noted by an early Portuguese traveller at the main
door of the Tomb of Saint Thomas at Mailappore, Chennai. The inscription was
copied down on paper and sent to the Portuguese National Archive (Arquivo
Nacional de Torre do Tombo) in Lisbon. This was published in 1964 in the volume
‘As Gavetas da Torre do Tombo Vol IV, (Gaveta XV Macos 1-15)’. The person who
sent the copy to Lisbon accompanied the copy of the inscription with a note: ‘these
letters below written are in the main door of the Church of the well adventured
Apostle Saint Thomas’. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kZPyi2g-z4s/YANlPpJ0MOI/AAAAAAAAick/wbwY_R8HMFkZQw9OEu2-c3iQwoLFUAS8wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1181/Picture24.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="665" data-original-width="1181" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kZPyi2g-z4s/YANlPpJ0MOI/AAAAAAAAick/wbwY_R8HMFkZQw9OEu2-c3iQwoLFUAS8wCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture24.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_45" o:spid="_x0000_i1041" style="height: 217.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 386.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Copy
of Mailappore inscriptions kept in Portuguese archives at Lisbon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The inscription is in four lines. Eminent Syriac scholar Professor
Sebastian Brock, of Oxford University, has commented that this is not easy to
read but that some words are definite. The reading is as follows (doubtful
letters have ? after them in the transcription):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Line
1 n’mr? s?lq? there has ascended<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Line
2 bshl?m mshy?h?’? in peace Christ<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Line
3 sh’l(n?) rhm’ he
asks for us mercy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Line
4 mn ‘lh’ from
God<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Another possible reading of the first line
and half of the second could be:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">n’mr
kwlmn<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">bshm<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">let
everyone say in the name of …, but kwlmn would be awkward Syriac, and the
expected kwl’nsh does not seem possible.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rev Dr Thomas Koonammakkal, a Syriac scholar from India, has
deciphered as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Line
1 lth’ m’ shlm to
Thomas peace<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Line
2 bshm mshyh’ in the name of
Christ/in the peace of Christ<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Line
3 shly Inwhm’ rest until resurrection<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Line
4 mn ‘lh’ from God<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rev Dr Thomas Koonammakkal has commented that one of the
letters is written incorrectly, and that there could have been an attempt to
correct the initial incorrect inscription, resulting in two possible readings
for line 2.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Both these readings are similar. This is a drawing of the
inscription by someone who is illiterate in Syriac, which makes translation
difficult.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">The inscription
at the Saint Thomas Cathedral Palai, Kottayam.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">This
could be one of the oldest inscriptions.
This is located on a large granite slab at the base of the back wall of
the madbha. The middle section of the slab is not visible as the reredos is
built over it. On the end of the slab, to the right of the reredos, Syriac
inscriptions are partially visible. On the portion of the slab visible to the left
of the reredos, there are four old Malayalam digits which read 1702.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Syriac inscription on the right-hand side is Estrangela
and is in two lines.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Briquel Chatonett and Thekkeparampil interpreted this as
possibly 1203, or Greek era 2003, which could be AD 1692,<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
but the Malayalam inscription clearly states 1703. As the inscription is only
partially visible, interpretation is difficult. The top line reads “at the date
of August the third…”. If the bottom
line reads Gamal and the bottom line is read as a number, it will give the year
1203.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W_SeeBQBoKM/YANlWLXLscI/AAAAAAAAics/Rlc14PSqhoMQFYxrCB9GOL0nujA_xhV2gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1172/Picture25.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="878" data-original-width="1172" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W_SeeBQBoKM/YANlWLXLscI/AAAAAAAAics/Rlc14PSqhoMQFYxrCB9GOL0nujA_xhV2gCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture25.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_30" o:spid="_x0000_i1040" style="height: 287.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 384pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saint
Thomas’s Cathedral old Church, Palai, Kottayam, Kerala, India<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Syro
Malabar Church) Syriac inscription<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dmfim9mk5kE/YANlce80aFI/AAAAAAAAicw/O2yhE7GsFzQt_ONth8Ypqzn8pZdUk-W-wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1172/Picture26.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="878" data-original-width="1172" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dmfim9mk5kE/YANlce80aFI/AAAAAAAAicw/O2yhE7GsFzQt_ONth8Ypqzn8pZdUk-W-wCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture26.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_31" o:spid="_x0000_i1039" style="height: 287.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 384pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saint
Thomas old Cathedral Church, Palai, Kottayam District, Kerala, India. (Syro
Malabar Church) old Malayalm digits denoting the year AD 1703.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ALTAR
INSCRIPTIONS.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">There
are Syriac inscriptions on the altars of churches at Pallippuram, Champakulam,
Kudamaloor, Muttuchira, Kottayam Valiyapalli, Kaduthuruthy and many others.
Some of the modern ones have Latin content; Kandeesa Sebastianose and Kandeesa
Dominingos at Pallippuram church, for instance, are purely Latin in origin. At Champakulam
and Muttuchira, the decorative ribbon bands held by the angels on the reredos
carry Syriac inscriptions. At Kudamaloor, a prayer formula in Syriac is
inscribed below an icon of Saint Mary.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T6jt590eUYI/YANliMYCrgI/AAAAAAAAic4/ot8IMJtmhpsAX46nJ0gV9qTvnRtw1mQvgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1256/Picture27.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="706" data-original-width="1256" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T6jt590eUYI/YANliMYCrgI/AAAAAAAAic4/ot8IMJtmhpsAX46nJ0gV9qTvnRtw1mQvgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture27.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_25" o:spid="_x0000_i1038" style="height: 231pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 411pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saint
Mary’s Forane Church, Pallippuram, Alleppey District, Kerala, India. (Syro
Malabar Church), ‘Kandeesa Sebastianose’<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IKjDgedkH70/YANlni2DD_I/AAAAAAAAic8/5ZFARhLP_TMcHi7_Z1fTJVCQ003jYqhZgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1256/Picture28.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="706" data-original-width="1256" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IKjDgedkH70/YANlni2DD_I/AAAAAAAAic8/5ZFARhLP_TMcHi7_Z1fTJVCQ003jYqhZgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture28.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_26" o:spid="_x0000_i1037" style="height: 231pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 411pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saint
Mary’s Forane Church, Pallippuram, Alleppey District, Kerala, India. (Syro
Malabar Church), ‘Kandeesa Domingose’.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-92BQf6MF7hY/YANlthVJGxI/AAAAAAAAidE/Vv5nixnD-8g81OP9RQA3ru0pxXNdgyNxQCLcBGAsYHQ/s943/Picture29.png" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="943" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-92BQf6MF7hY/YANlthVJGxI/AAAAAAAAidE/Vv5nixnD-8g81OP9RQA3ru0pxXNdgyNxQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture29.png" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_27" o:spid="_x0000_i1036" style="height: 260.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 453pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Saint Mary’s Forane Church, Kudamaloor,
Kottayam, Kerala, India. (Syro Malabar Church) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Picture
courtesy: Rev Dr Jacob Thekkeparampil)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">This altar
inscription at Kudamaloor reads:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Saint
Marth Maryam, the help of the Christians, help all the faithful, pray and
intercede before God, for us to be delivered from all unexpected danger and
from all ills present and future, Amen”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">MANUSCRIPTS<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">There
are large numbers of palm-leaf documents available in most of the ancient
churches. Most of these are ecclesiastical documents such as marriage or baptism
registers. There are a few chronicles available.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">MURALS.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">Murals of
Archadeacons and Bishops.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Murals
are common in ancient Thomas Christian Churches. It is not clear if any of
these are pre-Portuguese. The Roman Catholic themes and attire seen in many of
them suggest that these could be post-Portuguese. Many of the murals show
attire and other aspects of the contemporary prelates and clergy of the Saint
Thomas Christians. The Roman Catholic mitre of the Chaldean Bishops and
Archdeacons shows the effects of Latinisation. The blessing cross on the murals
confirms the practice of blessing crosses. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">TOMBS
OF MAR DENHA<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">,</span> MAR
RABBAN<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">,</span> MAR Y<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">A</span>UNAN AND MAR AVO <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">(AD 905)</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">There
are a few ancient palm leaf documents kept in certain families as a chronicle of
the Saint Thomas Christians. In 1930, T. K. Joseph reported that, on 26<sup>th</sup>
of April the same year, he had discovered the existence of a paper manuscript,
the property of the Karuthedathu family at Mavelikkara in Travancore. As per
the manuscript itself, it is a history of Malabar Church copied from older
manuscripts handed down through the generations. This manuscript narrates the</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222;">arrival of a Bishop Mar Denha in AD 905
(ME 80) at Kollam with three other persons, Ra<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">b</span>ban, Y<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">a</span>unan and Maravan. It also states that Younan was buried at the church
at Udayamperoor, Raaban was buried in Chennithala Thekkeveettil Kuruvila’s
house at Chennithala in Niranam Parish, Denha was buried at Kottakku purathu
Kodasserry Kannamkulam Mappila's house and Maravan was buried at Thevalakkara
church.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The same information is found in the Chronicles
of Niranam<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
(Niranam Grandhavary), one of the ancient manuscripts kept by the Kaniyanthra
family in Kottayam as a palm-leaf manuscript.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Both these palm leaf manuscripts could be copies of an ancient manuscript
handed down through the generations by making copies.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-shading: white;">Tomb of Mar Denha is still kept at Valiyaveettil
family at Kudassanadu near Pandalam in Kerala. Tomb of Mar Rabban is kept at
Chennithala near Mavelikkara in Kerala. Tomb of Maravan (Mar Abo) is at Saint
Mary’s Orthodox Church at Thevalakkara. Tomb of Mar Younan was at the Syro
Malabar Church at Udayamperoor, but this tomb along with a few other tombs at
the Madbha of the church removed during a renovation in 1929 and placed in a
vessel and buried in the Church<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">CAVE
MONASTERY OF MAR Y<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">A</span>UNAN
AT KURAVILANGADU<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">I</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">t
has been documented that there was an east Syrian monastery at Kuravilangadu
inhabited by Persian monks.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
On the side of a steep hill near Kuravilangadu, there is a cave which is called
Yaunakkuzhy<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
by local people, meaning the pit of Yaunan or cave of Younan. For generations,
even the Hindu families in the locality kept alive an oral tradition that
Yaunan Nivya (Pro<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">ph</span>et
Yaunan-Jona<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">h</span>) lived
in this cave. Common people now conflate this Yaunan with the Biblical Prophet
Yaunan (Jonah). The reason for this could be the annual celebration of a
three-day fast in the nearby ancient church of Kuravilangadu, commemorating Jonah’s
three days in the belly of the great fish. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">In fact</span>, it was Mar Younan, who arrived in AD 905,
who lived in the monastery at Yaunakkuzhy. The cave was large enough for human
habitation, according to my own interview with local people from older
generations <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">who have
entered into the cave. Now, the opening of the cave is covered with rock and
sand.</span> This could have been one of
many cave monasteries in</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> India, in parallel with the East Syrian cave
monasteries in Persia.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn57" title="">[57]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn57" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sVYazWIpD70/YANl0wOdl4I/AAAAAAAAidI/BHQeEYj0k9Y-AoZrT8_Yz7r_YOs60utrwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1206/Picture30.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="904" data-original-width="1206" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sVYazWIpD70/YANl0wOdl4I/AAAAAAAAidI/BHQeEYj0k9Y-AoZrT8_Yz7r_YOs60utrwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture30.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1035" style="height: 295.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 394.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tomb
of East Syrian Bishop Mar Denha, Kadassanadu, Pandalam, Kerala, India.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k91Eu4lV0H8/YANl5wdNc1I/AAAAAAAAidM/TMI44FmV6icDdhHUArF8HHPiH1uvoRLiACLcBGAsYHQ/s1217/Picture31.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="913" data-original-width="1217" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k91Eu4lV0H8/YANl5wdNc1I/AAAAAAAAidM/TMI44FmV6icDdhHUArF8HHPiH1uvoRLiACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture31.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1034" style="height: 298.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 398.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tomb
of East Syrian Monk Rabaan at Chennithala, Kerala, India<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gLhNVPxBOUg/YANl_h0d7oI/AAAAAAAAidU/QHj2zgKq354N2lW0ydN8BCr4OGwOPcQAQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1252/Picture32.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="939" data-original-width="1252" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gLhNVPxBOUg/YANl_h0d7oI/AAAAAAAAidU/QHj2zgKq354N2lW0ydN8BCr4OGwOPcQAQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture32.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1033" style="height: 307.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 410.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Opening
of the cave monastery of Mar Yaunan at Kuravilangadu, Kerala, India. (now
covered with rocks)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PS_-l3ukg54/YANmFwRuKAI/AAAAAAAAidc/OXlR43rcq1sil1rV3Ul5W3WdopX_sBE6gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1183/Picture33.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="887" data-original-width="1183" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PS_-l3ukg54/YANmFwRuKAI/AAAAAAAAidc/OXlR43rcq1sil1rV3Ul5W3WdopX_sBE6gCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture33.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1032" style="height: 290.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 387pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tomb
of Mar Abo- Maravan-Thevalakkara St Mary’s Orthodox Church, Kollam District,
Kerala, India.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8apBLdIbTN8/YANmKyVIKfI/AAAAAAAAidk/ZpCfO0LsyzwIPj5-for22Qg64TdeONjkgCLcBGAsYHQ/s721/Picture34.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="721" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8apBLdIbTN8/YANmKyVIKfI/AAAAAAAAidk/ZpCfO0LsyzwIPj5-for22Qg64TdeONjkgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture34.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_6" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" style="height: 177pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 236.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><a name="_Hlk15588690"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tomb of Mar Abo-
Maravan-Thevalakkara St Mary’s Orthodox Church </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">with a granite slab with an
engraved flowery cross- Saint Mary’s Orthodox Syrian Church, Thevalakkara,
Kollam District, Kerala, India.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">CHURCH
ARCHITECTURE<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Before
the arrival of the Portuguese missionaries, Saint Thomas Christian Churches
were indistinct from Hindu temples in their architecture. There were no facades;
instead, an Indo-Chinese roof structure covered a wooden gable. In front of these
ancient churches stood large open-air granite crosses. Joseph, the Indian
Cathanar (priest), who visited Rome and Venice in AD 1502, described the large
crosses erected at the foundation of churches in his interview with the Signoria
of Venice, confirming the pre-Portuguese existence of the open-air rock crosses.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[58]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> These are only a sample of the available
Christian archaeology in India. The Christian archaeology of India has not been
explored sufficiently. There are several ancient sites that need excavation and
research. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nRoNJcq3zNs/YANmTlkwJ4I/AAAAAAAAids/agnxb-A6AN0YeYbNzOdBApRokE7DWzRRgCLcBGAsYHQ/s351/Picture35.png" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="351" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nRoNJcq3zNs/YANmTlkwJ4I/AAAAAAAAids/agnxb-A6AN0YeYbNzOdBApRokE7DWzRRgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture35.png" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1030" style="height: 196.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 263.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Karthikapalli
Saint Thomas Orthodox Church, Kerala, India. One of the typical architectural
styles of Thomas Christian churches.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_15" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" style="height: 207.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 277.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-crirzlMXGuw/YANmZK2GcjI/AAAAAAAAid0/ePOQcUUjBNEfRxY1AnI2pzJmg3j0MSnBACLcBGAsYHQ/s848/Picture36.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="636" data-original-width="848" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-crirzlMXGuw/YANmZK2GcjI/AAAAAAAAid0/ePOQcUUjBNEfRxY1AnI2pzJmg3j0MSnBACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture36.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /> </span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kallooppara
Saint Mary’s Orthodox Church, Kerala, India: Indo Chinese architecture of the
roof.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pqzgS9sy0gY/YANmeAa-sfI/AAAAAAAAid8/x4XJNHEDkUIcXzw61BpGWLzHAKVMJDqrACLcBGAsYHQ/s432/Picture37.png" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="432" data-original-width="324" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pqzgS9sy0gY/YANmeAa-sfI/AAAAAAAAid8/x4XJNHEDkUIcXzw61BpGWLzHAKVMJDqrACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture37.png" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 323.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 243pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Palm
leaf documents, SS Gevasis and Proctasius Church, Kothanalloor (Syro Malabar
Church) Church of Kandeesangal- Kottayam District, Kerala, India.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:wrapblock style="background-color: white;"></o:wrapblock></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-s9PsqkTD9fU/YANmj3OZssI/AAAAAAAAieE/2R0LRswcM5QB1tFsCHQB9iplstYacfwyQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1102/Picture38.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="826" data-original-width="1102" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-s9PsqkTD9fU/YANmj3OZssI/AAAAAAAAieE/2R0LRswcM5QB1tFsCHQB9iplstYacfwyQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture38.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_12" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 270.4pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 32.15pt; margin-top: 0px; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: page; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: page; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 360.85pt; z-index: 251658240;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.jpg" style="background-color: white;">
<w:wrap type="topAndBottom">
</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="background-color: white;"><br clear="ALL" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Plaster art at Mar Sabor Afroath Church, Akapparampu,
Ernakulam District, Kerala, India. (Syriac Orthodox)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Qk0FObrr0ig/YANmpb4Rt2I/AAAAAAAAieM/mSCu7hD46I80-XJYPQ2xfEcYmMGudfnhgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1078/Picture39.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="809" data-original-width="1078" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Qk0FObrr0ig/YANmpb4Rt2I/AAAAAAAAieM/mSCu7hD46I80-XJYPQ2xfEcYmMGudfnhgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture39.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_14" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 264.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 352.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Plaster art Saint Mary’s Church, Kallooppara, Pathanamthitta
District</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">K</span>era</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">la,
India. (Syriac Orthodox).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-V4kJGcCCm-c/YANmuJ31-uI/AAAAAAAAieU/_tAJ2EFh96koPyo3YQ1Y4Jje2U-flC7AgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1253/Picture40.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="939" data-original-width="1253" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-V4kJGcCCm-c/YANmuJ31-uI/AAAAAAAAieU/_tAJ2EFh96koPyo3YQ1Y4Jje2U-flC7AgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture40.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_17" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 307.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 410.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Baptismal font , Saint Mary’s Forane Church,Kanjoor,
Ernakulam District, Kerala, India. Syro Malabar Church)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p style="background-color: white;"></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Oe8wRoZ18jo/YANm5mQdHDI/AAAAAAAAiec/auMZgOvKI10Lh5fTEl0PkyGYXmZhYR9MQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1249/Picture41.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="832" data-original-width="1249" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Oe8wRoZ18jo/YANm5mQdHDI/AAAAAAAAiec/auMZgOvKI10Lh5fTEl0PkyGYXmZhYR9MQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Picture41.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /> </span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_33" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 272.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 408.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/MARTIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image041.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Baptismal
font: Saint Thomas’ Forane Church, Mailakombu, Idukki District Kerala, India.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Syro
Malabar Church).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div><span style="background-color: white;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 20px;">(This is not a comprehensive list. Due to constraints on the number pages in the Aram Journal, only a sample is presented here. This will be updated with more information.)</span><br clear="all" />
</span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="background-color: white;"><!--[endif]-->
</span><div id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> See
A. E. Medlycott, <i>India and Apostle Thomas: an inquiry, with a critical
analysis of the Acta Thomae</i> (London 1905), p. 148.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Oxford Living Dictionaries, </span><a href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/archaeology"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/archaeology</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> accessed on 26 January 2019.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
History of Archaeology, Wikipedia article </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
accesssed on 09 February 2019.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
John Bodel, ‘Epigraphy and the ancient historian’, in John Bodel, ed. <i>Epigraphic
Evidence:Ancient History from Inscriptions</i> (London, 2001), p. 2.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
John Edwin Sandys, <i>Latin Epigraphy: An introduction to the study of Latin
Inscriptions</i> (Cambridge 1927), p 1.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Oxford Living <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Dictionaries</span>, </span><a href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/epigraphy"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/epigraphy</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
accessed on 26 January 2019.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
John Bodel, ‘Epigraphy and the ancient historian’, in John Bodel, ed. <i>Epigraphic
Evidence:Ancient History from Inscriptions</i> (London, 2001), p. 1.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Cyriac Jose and R. K. Mohanty, ‘Antiquity Of Christianity in India with special
reference to South Central Kerala’, <i>Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies
in Archaeology</i>, 5 (2017), 108.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> P.
J. Cherian, 'Pattanam Archaeological Site: The Wharf Context and the Maritime
Exchanges’, in M. Staniforth, ed., <i>Proceedings on the Asia-Pacific Regional
Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: November 8-12, 2011</i>, (Manila,
2011), pp. 131-144.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Antony Vallavanthara, India
in 1500 AD:The narratives of Joseph the Indian, Piscataway, 2002, p97</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Joseph Thekkedath, <i>History of Christianity in India</i>, vol. ii<i> </i>(Bangalore,
2001), p. 74.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Chronicles of Old church at Udayamperoor. </span><a href="http://www.synodofdiamper.com/mal/index.php%20accessed%20on%2006/03/2019"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://www.synodofdiamper.com/mal/index.php
accessed on 06/03/2019</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, Dr Jomon Thachil, <i>Kanjoor Kraisthava pazhama</i> (2010), p.
25.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> A.
S. Anantha Rama Ayyar, ‘Six Epitaphs of Udayamperoor’, <i>Travancore
Archaeological Series</i>, vol vi (Trivandrum, 1927), pp. 68-70.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Chronicles of Old Church at Udayamperoor. </span><a href="http://www.synodofdiamper.com/mal/index.php"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://www.synodofdiamper.com/mal/index.php</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
accesssed on 06/03/2019.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Cyriac Jose and R. K. Mohanty, ‘Antiquity Of Christianity in India with special
reference to South Central Kerala’, <i>Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies
in Archaeology</i>, 5 (2017), 122-134.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 107%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> T. K. Joseph, ‘</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Notes by T K Joseph on Rev H Hosten
S. J., Saint Thomas Christians of Malabar 1490-1504<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">’, <i>Kerala Society Papers</i> Series 5 (1930); reprinted as <i>Kerala
Society Papers </i>(1997), 254.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Mar
Denha is one of the East Syrian Bishops who arrived in AD 1503.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> T.
K. Joseph, <i>Malabar Christians and their ancient documents</i> (Trivandrum,
1929), p. 17 and Appendix IV.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn19">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Jomon Thachil, <i>Kaanjoor Kraisthva Pazhama</i> (<i>Christian Antiquities of
Kanjoor</i>) (2010), p. 19.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn20">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
This is the Syriac term for altar. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn21">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Antony Vallavanthara, ‘Pazhmayile Paramarthangal’, in <i>Souvenir of the
Diamond Jubilee of the Leo XIII Library</i> (Champakulam, 1974).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn22">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M. T.
Antony, Champakulam kalloorkkadu Saint Mary’s Church, the Hidden pearl in
Nasrani history, Nasrani Syrian Christian network, NSC 2012, </span><a href="https://www.nasrani.net/2010/01/30/champakulam-kalloorkkadu-st-marys-church/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">https://www.nasrani.net/2010/01/30/champakulam-kalloorkkadu-st-marys-church/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
accessed on 19/05/2019.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn23">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> T.
K. Joseph, ‘A Rajasimha Inscription at Thalekkad in Cochin’, <i>The Indian
Antiquary</i> (1928), 24.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn24">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Pius Malekkandathil, ‘Spatial and temporal continuities of Merchant Networks in
South Asia and the Indian Ocean’, <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History
of the Orient</i>, 50/2/3, (2007), 263.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn25">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> T.
K. Joseph, ‘A Rajasimha Inscription at Thalekkad in Cochin’, <i>The Indian
Antiquary</i> (1928), 30. T. K. Joseph further states that the earliest of the
Malabar Christian Coper Plate grants, the Thomas Cana plates of 345 A.D., had a
public copy on a stone set up at the northern gate of the Cranganore temple.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn26">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Francoise Briquel Chatonnet, Alain Desreumaux and Jacob Thekkeparampil, <i>Recueil
Des Inscriptions Syriaques</i>, vol. i: <i>Kerala</i> (Paris, 2008), p. 142.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn27">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> A.
C. Burnell, ‘On some Pahlavi inscriptions in South India’, <i>The Indian
Antiquary</i> (1874), 314.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn28">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> A.
C. Burnell, ‘On some Pahlavi inscriptions in South India’, <i>The Indian
Antiquary</i> (1874), 314. B. T. Anklesaria, ‘The Pahlavi inscriptions on the
Crosses of Southern India’, <i>Journal of K R Kama Oriental Institute</i> 39
(1958), 68.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn29">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> E.
W. West, ‘Inscriptions around Crosses in South India’, <i>Epigraphia Indica</i>
4 (1896-97), 175.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn30">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> J.
J. Modi, ‘A Christian Cross with a Pahlavi inscription recently discovered in
the Travancore state’, <i>Asiatic papers part IV, Papers read before the Bombay
Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>, (1929) 1-18. B. T. Anklesaria, ‘The
Pahlavi inscriptions on the Crosses of Southern India’, <i>Journal of K R Kama
Oriental Institute</i> 39 (1958), 68. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn31">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> B.
T. Anklesaria, ‘The Pahlavi inscriptions on the Crosses of Southern India’, <i>Journal
of K R Kama Oriental Institute</i> 39 (1958), 69.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn32">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> J.
J. Modi, ‘A Christian Cross with a Pahlavi inscription recently discovered in
the Travancore state’, <i>Asiatic papers part IV, Papers read before the Bombay
Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>, (1929) 1-18.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn33">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> C.
P. T. Winkworth, ‘A new interpretation of the Pahlavi Cross inscriptions of
Southern India’, <i>The Journal of Theological Studies</i>, 30/119 (1929), 237-244.
</span><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23950669"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://www.jstor.org/stable/23950669</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn34">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">T. K. Joseph</span>, ‘Revised interpretation of
the Pahlavi Cross inscriptions of South India’, <i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Kerala Society Papers</span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">
Series 5 (1930); reprinted as <i>Kerala Society Papers </i>(1997),</span> 267-269.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn35">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">T. K. Joseph</span>, ‘Revised interpretation of
the Pahlavi Cross inscriptions of South India’, <i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Kerala Society Papers</span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">
Series 5 (1930); reprinted as <i>Kerala Society Papers </i>(1997),</span> 267-269.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn36">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Carlo C. Cereti, Luca M. Oliviery, Joseph Vazhuthanapalli, ‘The problem of the
Saint Thomas Crosses and related questions. Epigraphical surveys and
preliminary research’, <i>East and West</i> 52 (2002), 285-310.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn37">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> B.
T. Anklesaria, ‘The Pahlavi inscriptions on the Crosses of Southern India’, <i>Journal
of K R Kama Oriental Institute</i> 39 (1958), 70.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn38">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
George Nedungatt, <i>Quest for the Historical Thomas, Apostle of Inda, a
re-reading of Evidence</i> (Bangalore, 2008), p. 386, citing G Gropp, ‘Die
Pahlavi – Inschrift auf dem Thomaskrus in Madras’, <i>Archaeologische
Mitteilungen aus Iran</i> 3 (1970), 267-271.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn39">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
George Nedungatt, op. cit. pp. 385-386, citing Philippe Gignoux, ‘The Pahlavi
inscriptions on Mount Thomas Cross (South India)’, in</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ziony
Zevit, Seymour Gitin, and Michael Sokoloff, eds, <i>Solving Riddles and Untying
Knots: Biblical, Epigraphic, and Semitic Studies in Honor of Jonas C.
Greenfield</i> (Winona Lake, 1995), pp. 411-422.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn40">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Carlo
C. Cereti, Luca M. Oliviery, Joseph Vazhuthanapalli, ‘The problem of the Saint
Thomas Crosses and related questions. Epigraphical surveys and preliminary
research’, <i>East and West</i> 52 (2002), 285-310.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn41">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Shailanand Hemraj, ‘Pahlavi text and Imagery context of the Persian Cross in
South India, Part I’, <i>Asian Journal of Religious studies</i> 60/1 (2015), 20.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn42">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> C.
P. T. Winkworth, ‘A New Interpretation of the Pahlavi Cross-Inscriptions of
Southern India’, <i>The Journal of Theological studies</i> 30/119 (1929),
237-244.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn43">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Joseph T K, ‘The Kottayam Cross Inscription’, <i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Kerala Society Papers</span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">
Series 5 (1930); reprinted as <i>Kerala Society Papers </i>(1997),</span> 269.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn44">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> B.
T. Anklesaria, ‘The Pahlavi inscriptions on the Crosses of Southern India’, <i>Journal
of K R Kama Oriental Institute</i> 39 (1958), 70.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn45">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M.
T. Antony, ‘Alengad Sliva, the neglected jewel of the ancient Christian
settlement of Alengad’, <i>The Harp</i> 30 (2014), 271.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn46">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Francoise
Briquel Chatonnet, Alain Desreumaux and Jacob Thekkeparampil, <i>Recueil Des
Inscriptions Syriaques</i>, vol. i: <i>Kerala</i> (Paris, 2008), p. 81.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn47">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <a name="_Hlk9860348"></a><a name="_Hlk9859634"></a><a name="_Hlk9859635">Francoise
Briquel Chatonnet, Alain Desreumaux and Jacob Thekkeparampil, <i>Recueil Des
Inscriptions Syriaques</i>, vol. i: <i>Kerala</i> (Paris, 2008), p. 140</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn48">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Francoise
Briquel Chatonnet, Alain Desreumaux and Jacob Thekkeparampil, <i>Recueil Des
Inscriptions Syriaques</i>, vol. i: <i>Kerala</i> (Paris, 2008), p. 97.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Francoise
Briquel Chatonnet, Alain Desreumaux and Jacob Thekkeparampil, <i>Recueil Des
Inscriptions Syriaques</i>, vol. i: <i>Kerala</i> (Paris, 2008), pp. 156-157.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Francoise
Briquel Chatonnet, Alain Desreumaux and Jacob Thekkeparampil, <i>Recueil Des
Inscriptions Syriaques</i>, vol. i: <i>Kerala</i> (Paris, 2008), p. 102.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn51">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">T. K. Joseph, ‘</span>Notes by T K Joseph on Rev H
Hosten S. J., Saint Thomas Christians of Malabar 1490-1504<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">’, <i>Kerala Society Papers</i> Series 5 (1930);
reprinted as <i>Kerala Society Papers </i>(1997),</span> 255.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> A
Palm leaf manuscript kept in Kaniyanthra family. It seems that this was written
down in the time around 1773, possibly following oral traditions. There were
several copies of it in different families. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M.
Kurian Thomas, <i>Niranam grandhvary, Padhanavum samshodhanavum</i> (Kottayam,
2000), p. 82.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Udayamperoor Pazhaya palliyude
nalagamam (Malayalam)(Chronicles of Udyamperoor old church) </span><a href="http://www.synodofdiamper.com/mal/index.php"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">http://www.synodofdiamper.com/mal/index.php</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> accesssed on 29 January 2020<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn55">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Fra
Paulino Da San Bartolomeo, <i>Voyage to the East Indies, Translated from German
by William Johnston</i>, (London, 1800), pp. 123-124.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn56">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> T.
K. Joseph, ‘A Travancore inscription in Greek Script’, <i>Journal of Indian
History</i> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; mso-highlight: yellow;">2</span>8 (1949),
183-184.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[57]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
John Bowman, ‘The Christian Monastery on the island of Kharg’, <i>Australian
Journal of Biblical Archaeology</i> 2 (1974-75) 49-64.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Martin%20Antony/Documents/NASRANI/Aram%20Conference%20Oxford%202018%20July/Paper-%20proof%20reading/Anthony%20Edited%20Version%20Feb%202020.docx#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;">[58]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
Antony Vallavanthara, <i>India in 1500 A.D.: the narratives of Joseph, the
Indian</i> (Piscataway, 2001), pp. 167, 273.</span><img alt="Uploading: 620565 of 620565 bytes uploaded." border="0" class="placeholder" height="240" id="87760f2682fca" src="https://www.blogger.com/img/transparent.gif" style="background-image: url('https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/i/materialiconsextended/insert_photo/v6/grey600-24dp/1x/baseline_insert_photo_grey600_24dp.png'); background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; opacity: 0.6;" width="320" /></span></div><br /><p></p>Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-32001351188098709482018-07-15T18:11:00.000+01:002018-07-25T17:28:17.247+01:00Syriac Music conference and Syriac Music Festival- Gloucester, England, 14 July 2018<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Kennara, an International Conference on sacred Syriac Music and Kadavil Chandy Kathanaar Syriac music festival held in Gloucester , England on 14th July 2018. This was organised by the Syro Malabar Eparchy of Great Britain and supported by NSC network, Laus Plena Foundation and Christian Musicological Society of India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Kennara, International Conference on Sacred Syriac Music.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The conference on Sacred Syriac Music, probably first of its kind, was attended by international delegates including Veronique Nebel of Laus Plena Foundation, an international organisation supporting Sacred Christian Music traditions especially of the Eastern Churches and the earliest Christian traditions, Polus Gajo, a scholar from Iraq representing the Syriac Catholic Church in the Middle East and Rev Dr Joseph Palackal, eminent Ethnomusicologist and researcher of Indian Christianity. Mar Joseph Srampikkal, the Syro Malabar Eparchial Bishop of Great Britain presided over the Conference.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Veronique Nebel from Laus Plena Foundation commented that the Musical traditions of Syro Malabar Church is a treasure of the Universal Church that needs to be recovered, owned by the faithful and to be passed to the next generation. Laus Plena Foundation extended their support to recover and archive the forgotten Syriac chants in India. Polus Gajo presented about the Syriac music tradition of the Middle East and performed several chants in Syriac and the local Aramaic dialect still existing. It was notable that in the local Aramaic dialect, in the Lord’s Prayer, they use the term ‘Seytan’ instead of ‘Bisa’ in Syriac. Mr Gajo also presented a few recorded Syriac chants from the Middle East.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Rev Dr. Joseph Palackal, in his paper, talked about serious deficiencies of the translation of Syriac terms in the vernacular liturgy. Fr Palackal pointed out that the translation of Rooha is totally disappointing as ‘spirit’ or ‘aroopi’. These terms could not translate the real meaning of ‘Rooha’ in Syriac. Many terms develop in a dialect with rich meaning from that linguistic and cultural milieu and such terms cannot be translated but to be adopted like the usage of ‘Yoga’, ‘Guru’, etc in English. Thus we should retain the word ‘Rooha’ and accept it. Fr Palackal also pointed out that in the 1970s, nearly 10 years after the vernacularization of the Syro Malabar Liturgy and thereby popularisation of terms ‘parishudhalmavu’, ‘parishudhaaroopy’ etc, Vayalar Rama Varma, a Hindu poet in the movie ‘Makane Ninakkuvendi’, composed the song of Lord’s prayer in Malayalam ‘Bavakkum puthranum parishudha roohaakkum….’, even when lyrics ‘parishidhalmavinum’ or’ parishudharoopikkum’ would have fit into the melody that was composed by Devarajan. This shows the linguistic semantic sensibility that the Liturgical Committee lacked. Fr Palackal commented that in order to own this music tradition and to pass on to the next generation, the present generation should extend their prayer vocabulary to include Syriac terms and to include some Syriac chants in the liturgy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Mar Joseph Srampikkal, the Syro Malabar Eparchial Bishop of Great Britain also agreed on the poor translation of Syriac into the vernacular liturgy. Mar Srampikkal commented that there should be more efforts to revive the Syriac traditions and spirituality and to foster the Syriac music tradition in India. Mar Srampikkal is a young and energetic Bishop who is trying to build the church in the UK. Bishop Joseph has visited most of the communities and a large number of families as a part of his Pastoral ministry. The Eparchial Gathering of November 2017 was a Great initiative to understand the community and to build the community in its genuine spirituality. Mar Srampikkal is one of those shepherds who knows the sheep. It was great that even in the middle of his busy commitments on 14th July and the Walsingham Pilgrimage on 15th July, Mar Srampikkal participated the entire programme, listened to the musical performances and encouraged the participants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>Kadavil Chandy Kathanaar Syriac Music Festival.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A Syriac music competition in the name of Kadavil Chandy Kathanar was also planned but due to the lack of a sufficient number of teams, a Syriac Music festival was organised instead, along with this Conference. Several singers including two blessed little children of ages 4 and 5 sang Syriac songs wonderfully. The overseas participants were very delighted to see the enthusiasm of these little children and their parents to foster Syriac music tradition. The pastoral formation by Rev Fr Joy Vayalil and Rev Fr Paul Vetticattu of the Bristol Chaplaincy of Syro Malabar Church of Great Britain is commendable as they use Syriac songs in the Holy Eucharistic Liturgy regularly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>Kadavil Chandy Kathanaar</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Kadavil Chandy Kathanar was a great poet of the Catholic Saint Thomas Christians. He was born in 1588 in Kaduthuruthy. Chandy Kathanaar was a great Syriac scholar who composed Syriac songs in India. He was popularly known as Alexander the Indian in the Syriac literature. He was a theologian and one of the four consulters of the Archdeacon. After the Coonan Cross oath, when Carmelite Missionaries arrived and reconciled with the revolted Saint Thomas Christians, Kadavil Chandy Cathanar along with Parampil Chandy Kathanaar and Vengoor Giwargis Kathanaar, returned to the Catholic communion that resulted in the formation of the ‘Pazhayacoor’ community which later became the present day Syro Malabar Church and the Church of the East in India- the Chaldeans of Trichur. Thus, Kadavil Chandy Kathanaar was one of the three forefathers of the section of Saint Thomas Christians who retained the East Syriac spirituality and traditions while the other section moved over to the West Syriac rite. This event was a great honour to the memory of Kadavil Chandy Kathanar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It was very appropriate for the Syro Malabar Eparchy to organise such a unique event as this is a young eparchy which is trying to grow in the authentic spirituality of Syro Malabar Church. The event had a great catechetical role. Rev Fr Paul Vetticattu, the Chaplain of the Goucester- Bristol Chaplaincy, Rev Fr Joy Vayalil, the Director of Catechesis of the Eparchy and the leaders of the Bristol- Gloucester Syro Malabar community deserves all the credit for the organisation of this wonderful event. The faithful are deeply indebted to the great support from Mar Joseph Srampikkal in the faith formation of the Church in England in its authentic spirituality.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-60955504901986934352017-12-10T21:55:00.000+00:002017-12-11T06:16:05.908+00:00The real 'sleehe' of the Syro Malabar Migrants of England: prayerful wishes to Rev Fr Thomas Thaikkoottathil and Rev Dr Lonappan Arangasserry .<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The real <i>'sleehe</i>' of the Syro Malabar Migrants of England: prayerful wishes to Rev Fr Thomas Thaikkoottathil and Rev Dr Lonappan Arangasserry .<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dr Martin Thomas Antony<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rev. Dr. Lonappan Arangasserry MST</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rev. Fr. Thomas Thaikkoottathil MST</td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Introduction.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Syro Malabar Church is the second largest particular <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">church of</span> the Universal Catholic communion in the UK<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Syro Malabar faithful in the UK has been blessed with an Eparchy and an Eparchial Bishop with a number of wonderful gifted Priests working for the Church and the community. Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church is the only other Eastern Catholic Church in the UK with an Eparchy<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. </b>For several decades, there <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">have</span> been <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">migrations</span> of Syro Malabar faithful to the UK. The pastoral care of these migrants was provided by the local Roman Catholic hierarchy. For the last 15-20 years, as the number of migrants increased significantly, a few <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Syro Malabar Priests came over to the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UK to serve the Roman Catholic parishes were providing <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">some kind of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pastoral</span> care to the diaspora community. The <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Universal Catholic church teaches that all the liturgical, spiritual theological and canonical <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>traditions of Eastern Churches <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>be preserved and nourished<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Therefore, the </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>only reason for the presence of Syro Malabar Church and its Eparchy in the UK<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>promotion and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">protection of the ecclesial traditions </span>of the Apostolic Church of Saint Thomas Christians. If this is not the priority, there is no need for a Syro Malabar Church in the U.K.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">With the formation of the Eparchy, the Syro Malabar Church has gained a large momentum in demonstrating her identity and spirituality. The Eparchy is being organised into regions under the leadership of a few Priests in various aspects of pastoral care. Organisation of women's forum, children's forum and youth forum are very good initiatives in the development of the community. <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">The first</span> Bible convention attracted masses of people to gather together regionally to listen to the word of God and to praise and worship the Lord. The first 'Bible Kalolsavam' (Art festival with the theme of the Holy Bible) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was a big success in its organisational merits and the talents of the participants. In fact, with the formation of the Eparchy and the hierarchical system, the Syro Malabar Church in the UK is thriving in a completely different culture and language with the help of the wonderful clergy and the leadership of a young, energetic and enthusiastic Eparchial Bishop. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">It is a sad news that two of the wonderful Priests of Syro Malabar Eparchy of Great Britain are leaving the UK.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rev Fr Thomas Thaikoottathil MST, the Chaplain of the Syro Malabar community in the diocese of Salford has completed his term of 5 <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">years in</span> the UK and left to India on 09/10/2017. Rev Dr Lonappan Arangasserry MST, the Chaplain of the Syro Malabar community in the diocese of Shrewsbury is leaving on 11/12/2017 to India, completing his 3- year term in the UK. Both of them were chaplains of Syro Malabar church appointed by the Holy Synod of Syro Malabar Church. They are returning to India to continue their Mission work in the North India. Both of them were a real blessing to the migrant Syro Malabar faithful in the UK. They were both hard working and promoted the authentic Syro Malabar traditions among the migrant communities. Both of them considered Syro Malabar Church as their priority. It is really a loss to the Syro Malabar Eparchy of Great Britain. They are the real '<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">sleehe</span></i>' who worked hard to build the Syro Malabar Church in Great<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Britain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Syro Malabar Church in the UK<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The beginning of Syro Malabar Church in the UK was by the mass migration of Malayali Nurses in the late 20th century.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A number of Priests and certain lay leaders led these small communities with regular prayers, night vigils and celebration of the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Eucharistic</span> liturgy in the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Malayalam</span> language based on the local Roman Catholic parishes. The main theme was pastoral care in Malayalam language, regular Charismatic retreats and prayers rather than the spirituality and rite of Syro Malabar Church. They functioned as an '<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">ethnolinguistic</span>' community within the Catholic church of Britain. The second Vatican council and the post conciliar documents <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">clearly exhort</span> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">for prompt</span> actions for promotion and observance of the rites of the Eastern Catholic faithful in a foreign land as the patrimony of the Universal Church of Christ.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Thus, there was a need for the pastoral care of these migrant communities as they are of a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>different tradition<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and spirituality related to a particular church in the Catholic communion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rightly, the Holy Synod of the Syro Malabar Church also took initiative and Chaplaincies were formed. A number or Priests were appointed as Chaplains in the UK by the initiative of the Holy Synod of Syro Malabar Church <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">and the</span> local Roman Catholic church<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The Malayali Catholic communities in the UK were not interested in promoting the spirituality of Syro Malabar Church as a <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Sui</span> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">iuris</span> Church in the Catholic communion. The celebration of Holy Eucharistic Liturgy in its proper form with dignity, sacredness and ecclesial sense was not on the top of <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">the priorities</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of these chaplains even fell into the trap of becoming personal chaplains of certain Malayali organisations. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is well known that one of the Malayali communities <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">resisted and</span> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">refused to</span> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">accept a</span> Syro Malabar Chaplain from the Holy Synod of the Syro Malabar Church but to remain as an autocephalous group with a private Priest as their own Chaplain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">They were interested only in getting a few celebrity preachers from Kerala on a regular basis, that <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">too every</span> so often,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to build up their affiliation groups. Thus, the Syro Malabar migrants in the UK became affiliation groups of a few celebrity Charismatic preachers from Kerala. Many of the English Roman Catholic Bishops and Parish priests <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">were upset</span> about the sectarianism and division among the Malayali community under their jurisdiction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Liturgical <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">indiscipline</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The faithful were very sad about the widespread liturgical <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">indiscipline prevailed</span> in the Syro Malabar communities in the UK. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most of the visiting Bishops and celebrity <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">preachers explicitly</span> disobeyed the unanimous decisions of the Holy Synod in relation to the celebration of the Holy Eucharistic liturgy<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. Their main excuse was that they were following the local customs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was very curious to observe that in one of the Roman Catholic parishes in Central Manchester <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">where all</span> the English Masses were celebrated 'ad <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">orietum</span>'- completely facing the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">altar-</span>, a prominent Syro Malabar Chaplain regularly celebrated Holy Qurbana of Syro Malabar Church completely facing the people. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Liturgical disputes in Syro Malabar Church.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Before the Vatican Council II, the celebration of the Holy Eucharistic Liturgy was facing the altar even in the Latin Rite. The Eucharistic Liturgy facing the people (ad <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">populum</span>) gained popularity in the Latin Rite with the spirit of the Vatican Council II, even when there <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">were</span> no clear instructions from any of the documents of the Council to celebrate Holy Eucharistic Liturgy facing the people. In fact, even <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">today,</span> the Roman Rite Missal still give rubrics when to face the people during the celebration<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>, clearly indicating the fact that <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">even in</span> the Latin Rite,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the most appropriate mode of celebrating the Holy Eucharistic <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Liturgy is</span> facing the altar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In the Syro Malabar Church also, from time immemorial, the Holy Qurbana was celebrated facing the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">madbha</span>. After the Vatican Council II, some of the Bishops of the Syro Malabar Church started to celebrate the Holy Qurbana ad <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">populum</span>- facing the people imitating the Latin Rite without any discussions with the fellow Syro Malabar Bishops. This led to two forms of celebrating the Holy Eucharistic Liturgy in Syro Malabar Church, the Southern eparchies celebrating fully facing the altar while some of the Northern Eparchies fully facing the people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">It has to be noted that during this period, There was no Syro Malabar Synod or <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Sui</span> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">iuris</span> status. The Bishops and Eparchies of Syro Malabar church functioned as individual Eparchies directly under the Pope. Many of the Bishops had no vision for an identity or individuality of the Church but considered the Syro Malabar rite as an offshoot of the Latin Church with a different Liturgy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The Southern Eparchies of the proper territory of the Syro Malabar Church adhered to the Oriental traditions and spirituality and strictly obedient to the instructions from the Universal Church and Roman Pontiffs, some of the Northern Eparchies fell into the argument for unity in the Catholic Church in <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">India and</span> the need for a single rite for India. This led <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">to the</span> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">so-called</span> movement for <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indianisation and inculturation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A prominent Catholic Theologian Dr William F Macomber observed in 1977 that the hierarchy of Syro Malabar Church is aiming to reform the Liturgy in terms of modernisation and Indianisation with a view to <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">becoming</span> a single rite in India, once the Latin Rite in India is also sufficiently Indianised.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> But many of these so called reformations were mere adaptations from the Latin Rite<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> as the Holy See strictly prohibited these 'abusive Indianisations' and 'arbitrary innovations' that are incompatible with sound and genuine traditions.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">When the Syro Malabar Church was elevated to a Major <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Archepiscopal</span> church with a <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">sui</span> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">iuris</span> status, this Liturgical dispute troubled the Church. The Holy Synod of the Syro Malabar Church in 1999, as a compromise, unanimously decided to celebrate the Holy Qurbana in the<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> so-called</span> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">50 :</span>50 formula- - initial parts up to anaphora facing the people, the whole of anaphora and communion facing the altar and final prayers after the communion facing the people<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. Sadly, the Holy Synod failed to implement this unanimous decision of the Synod due to resistance from a section of the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">clergy<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span>. Hence, the Holy Synod had to give dispensation to certain eparchies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">The pastoral</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> situation among migrants in the UK.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Being a migrant community with faithful from all areas of the proper territory of the Syro Malabar Major <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Archepiscopal</span> church, the real pastoral situation in the UK demands adherence to the Synodal decisions in relation to the celebration of the Holy Eucharistic Liturgy. The guidelines of Pastoral care of migrants promulgated by The Syro Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Church instructs that the Sacred Liturgy and sacraments should be celebrated using approved texts and adhering to the rites and modes of celebration approved by the Holy Synod of the Syro Malabar Church<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Many <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">letters were</span> sent to the Syro Malabar Chaplains, Holy Synod of Syro Malabar Church and even to the local Roman Catholic Church to facilitate the proper celebration of the Holy Qurbana and to promote the identity of the Church as a particular church and spirituality. Cardinal Vincent Nicholls, the President of the Catholic Bishops Conference of England and Wales even <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">acknowledged this</span> need in 2014 and commented that all the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chaplains and visiting priests should adhere to the approved norms <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">of the</span> Holy Synod in celebrating the Holy Eucharistic liturgy<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. But abuses and indiscipline continued renouncing the decisions of the Holy Synod of Syro Malabar Church and even <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>instructions <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">of the</span> local Roman Catholic hierarchy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The Catholic church teaches that the Holy Spirit direct and influence the Church. Thus, the Holy Synod of the Syro Malabar Church and its decisions <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">are influenced</span> by the Holy Spirit and these Liturgical abuses are actually renouncing the Holy Spirit. The local Roman Catholic Bishops and certain learned English Priests <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">were astonished</span> about the ignorance and indiscipline even among the visiting Bishops. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lights of Hope<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">By the Grace of God, Lights of hope were seen by the appointment of Rev Fr Thomas Thaikkoottathil as the Chaplain of Syro Malabar Community in Manchester in 2012 and Rev Dr Lonappan Arangasserry in 2014 to Cheshire. Both of these Priests started using the name 'Syro Malabar' for the first time in the region. <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Both of</span> them started celebrating the Holy Qurbana <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">according to</span> the norms of the decisions of the Holy Synod of the Church- initial parts up to anaphora facing the people, the whole of anaphora and communion facing the altar and final prayers after the communion facing the people<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Efforts were taken to promote the identity of the Church. They worked hard to establish the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">first-ever</span> Syro Malabar communities in the UK<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by transforming the existing Malayali Catholic communities. With their <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">hardcore</span> background from North Indian Missions, faith formation at the grass root level unified the communities under the banner of the Syro Malabar Church.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rev Fr Thomas Thaikkoottathil.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fr Thomas is a member of the religious order, Missionaries of Saint Thomas. He is from Vaypoor in the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Arch-Eparchy</span> of Changanacherry. He was working in the North Indian villages as a missionary. Fr Thomas organised the faithful of Syro Malabar Church in the Roman Catholic <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">diocese</span> of Salford. He served Central Manchester, North Manchester, Bolton and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Blackburn. He travelled regularly to remote villages in Greater <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Manchester to</span> teach the children and organise the faithful. Fr Thomas systematically organised Catechism in all the communities and even regular training programmes for the catechism teachers in Central Manchester which were unique. For several Sundays, his homily consisted of teaching about the Holy Qurbana of the Church. One of the prominent English parish priests in Manchester told the author that he was very pleased with the skills of Fr Thomas in uniting the community together. Fr Thomas was always in the local communities organising the church and educating the children.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rev <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Dr</span> Lonappan Arangasserry.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rev Dr Lonappan Arangasserry is also a member of the religious order Missionaries of Saint Thomas. He was appointed as the Chaplain of Syro Malabar faithful in the Diocese of Shrewsbury in 2014. Fr Lonappan hails from Parappoor in the <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Arch-Eparchy</span> of Trichur. He is an eminent liturgist and scholar of the Syro Malabar Church. He is an author of several books and numerous articles in various journals. He was a Professor in many seminaries and actively involved in the formation of the clergy. He was involved in the Liturgical committees of the Holy Synod of the Syro Malabar Church and involved in preparation and revision of many <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Liturgical texts</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">He always held a strong position in favour of the causes of the Syro Malabar Church and preservation of the liturgical and theological formation in its genuine purity. He stood for the decisions of the Holy Synod and to promote and protect the authentic spirituality and traditions of the Church. Fr Lonappan systematically organised the Catechism teaching by training the teachers, observing the legal formalities of the country like DBS/CRB etc. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fr Lonappan visited almost all the families of the faithful, reorganised the big communities in Wythenshawe and Wirral, organised the women <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">faithful in</span> the community, organised the younger generation under the banner of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mission League and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Savio Friends, organised the altar servers with<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>training and formation to them and strengthened the catechesis by<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>strictly following the spirituality of the church. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fr Lonappan was an active promoter and <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">participant of</span> the Festival of Eastern Catholic Churches held in August 2015 organised by the Society of Saint John Chrysostom. Society of Saint John Chrysostom is an organisation of Eastern and Western churches to promote understanding about Eastern Churches to the western Christendom. Cardinal Vincent Nicholls is the president of the Society. Fr Lonappan, along with Rev Dr Joseph Palackal made the festival into a very educational event by his <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">scholarly lecture</span> about the history and spirituality of the Syro Malabar Church.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eparchy of Great Britain of the Syro Malabars.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pope Francis established the Eparchy of Great Britain for the Syro Malabar's and Bishop Mar Joseph Srampickal was consecrated amidst a large crowd of faithful of about 12000 at Preston on 09th October 2016<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">With the establishment of the Eparchy, the Syro Malabar Church in <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">England is</span> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">thriving in</span> her own spirituality from an 'ethnolinguistic' identity. Comparing to other ethnic groups, the English Catholic Church is hopeful that the Syro Malabar Church would lead a new revival with a different Eastern spirituality in England. The English church is very supportive <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">of</span> the Syro Malabar Church and spirituality and insists that the Liturgy and sacraments of Syro Malabar Church <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">are</span> protected and preserved in England<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. Preserving the upholding the authentic spirituality of the Syro Malabar Church is a witnessing the Judeo Christian movement of the Apostles. It will be a unique spiritual experience to the native English people who are only familiar with <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">the Hellenised</span> Latin West and the Greek East rather than the Judeo Christian Syriac Orient.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It will be a great <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">opportunity for</span> the Syro Malabar Eparchy and faithful to witness <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">and promote</span> faith transmission in the Syriac spirituality to the native English people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Syriac Spirituality is not alien to the Christianity in the Great Britain. Archbishop Theodore of Canterbury (668-690 AD) was a Greek <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">from</span> Tarsus and was fluent in Syriac<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. He was a monk in a monastery at Rome and was appointed as a Bishop in England. The influence of Syriac exegetic literature is widely seen in the Biblical commentaries of the Canterbury school of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Theodore<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_ednref19" style="mso-endnote-id: edn19;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The real '<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">sleehe</span>'</i> of the Church.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fr Lonappan and Fr Thomas courageously upheld their Syro Malabar identity and spirituality when many other Pastors were hesistant. They were fully obedient to the Holy Synod of the Syro Malabar Church in celebrating the Holy Qurbana. In fact, these two Priests were the first to implement the decisions of the Holy Synod in the celebration of the Holy Eucharistic Liturgy in the UK. They built the church and community in the authentic spirituality and promoted the Apostolic traditions of the Church. They were the real '<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">sleehe</span></i>' of the Apostolic Church of Saint Thomas Christians in the UK who built the Church in a foreign land and then handed over the community to the newly formed hierarchy. It is really a loss to the Syro Malabar Church in the UK but an asset to the Church in the North Indian villages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">It is the duty of the faithful now to continue the pastoral Mission initiated by these two 'sleehe' <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by adhering to the Spiritually of the Church. It is the right of the faithful in a foreign land to have their Liturgy and sacraments in its authentic purity as prescribed by the Holy Synod of the Church. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> The Roman Catholic Church in the UK is the largest Church in the Catholic communion in the UK. There is an Eparchy of Ukrainian greek catholic Church in London with a number of communities. But Syro Malabar Church is the second largest. </span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Pope Paul IV, Orientalium Ecclesiarum, Decree on the Catholic Churches of the Easstern Rite, promulgated on November 21.1964, Nos 1-6</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Rev. Fr Mathew Thottathimyalil, History of Syro Malabar Church in the UK and Eire, 2005, p6, 37.</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Stephen Fumio Cardinal Hamao, Erga Migrantes caritas Christ, (The Love of Christ towards migrants) Part II, No 26, Pontifican Council for the Pastoral care of migrants and itinerant people, 2004, Vatican city.</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Obviously, this did not attract approval from the Pastors<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and leaders of the Charismatic movement as they considered the situation as only an ethno linguistic problem rather thah that of a Particular Church and its spirituality and traditions. This caused tensions in the community.</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Synodal News, (Bulletin of the Syro Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Church) vol 7, Numbers 1 & 2, December 1999, p71-72</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> General Instructions of Roman Missal,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>146, 154, 57, 158, 165, 167.</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> William Macomber, A History of Chaldean Mass, Worship, Vol 51 No 2, 1977, pp 523-536</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> G Vavanikunnel and J Madey, "A Reform of the restored Syro Malabar Qurbana", Ostkirchliche Studien 18,(1969) 172-181 cited by William F Macomber, A History of Chaldean Mass, Worship, No2 1977, pp523-536</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Xavier Koodapuzha, Roman Documents on the Syro Malabar Liturgy, OIRSI, Kottayam, 1999, pp 25-26</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Synodal News(Bulletin of the Syro Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Church) vol 7, Numbers 1 & 2, December 1999, p71-72</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Synodal News vol 8 No 1 September 2000, p18 . The Holy Synod observed that open clandestine squad work by some groups who influenced others was one of the major factors in the failure to implement the decision. This means there was squad work by certain corners to oppose the unanimous decision of the Holy Synod.</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Cardinal Varkey Vithayathil, Major Archbishop of Syro Malabar Church, Guidelines of Pastoral Care of Migrants, kakkanad, January 23, 2009.</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Archbishop Vincent Cardinal Nicholls, the President of the Catholic Bishops Conference of England and Wales, personal letter dated 21 January 2014 to the author with a copy to the then Co ordinator of the Syro Malabar Mission in England.</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Synodal News(Bulletin of the Syro Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Church) vol 7, Numbers 1 & 2, December 1999, p71-72</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-37587782 accessed on 29 June 2017</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Archbishop Vincent Cardinal Nicholls, the President of the Catholic Bishops Conference of England and Wales, personal letter dated 21 January 2014 to the author with a copy to the then Co ordinator of the Syro Malabar Mission in England.</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Panteleimon Tzorbatzoglou, St Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury 668-690, A Greek from Tarsus of Cicilia in England,: some aspects of his life , Mediterranean Chronicles, Vol 2 2012, Diavlos, p 80<span style="text-transform: uppercase;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Thomas%20thykkoottathil/The%20slehe%20of%20Syro%20Malabar%20Migrants%20in%20England-1.docx" name="_edn19" style="mso-endnote-id: edn19;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Sebastian Brock, St Theodore of Canterbury,The Canterbury School and the Christian East, Heythorpe Journal, XXXVI,1995, p433</span></div>
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Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-54794064495221237852017-10-18T21:18:00.001+01:002023-10-26T09:52:05.169+01:00History of Catholic Church of England and Syriac Spirituality<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b> History of Catholic Church of England and Syriac Spirituality</b></div>
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Martin Thomas Antony</div>
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<b>Introduction.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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England is a country organised based on Christian principles. The history of Christianity in England and on a wider sense in Britain is very old going back to first few centuries of Christian era.</div>
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Catholic Church in England is a minority Christian denomination. The first authoritative Papal Mission to England was in AD 597 with St Augustine of Canterbury by the establishment of a direct link between the Kingdom of Kent to the See of Rome and the establishment of the Benedictine form of monasticism.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The Christianity in England was always adherent to the Roman Catholic Church but after the Henrician reformation of the 16 th century, the official Christian Church in England became the Church of England and the Catholic Church suffered a lot of persecutions and produced many martyrs. Being a persecuted church, Catholic Church in England still is an active Christian community with a large number of Church attendees compared to Church of England.</div>
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<b>Catholic Church.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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The term 'Catholic Church' means the Universal Church. In AD 110, Ignatius of Antioch uses the term 'Catholic church' in his epistle to the 'Smyrneans' with the meaning of universal church. This was to differentiate the local particular church under the leadership of the Bishop and the Catholic Church as the aggregate of all local churches.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn2" title="">[ii]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn2" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></div>
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The term 'Catholic' also means the true church differentiating from heretic sects. Cyril of Jerusalem wrote in the fourth century that the church is called 'Catholic' not only because it is spread throughout the world but also it teaches all the doctrines completely without any defect. Thus, Catholic church means the Universal Christian church which is orthodox in faith.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn3" title="">[iii]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn3" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
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The word 'Catholic' word derived from Greek 'Katholicos' and Latin 'catholicus' meaning universal.(Oxford dictionary)</div>
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Ecclesiastically, the term 'Catholic Church' means the Universal Catholic Church, the communion of Roman Catholic Church and 23 sui iuris Churches, the largest Christian communion in the world.</div>
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Almost all Christian denominations claim that their church is 'Catholic'. The East Syriac church- the mother of the Syriac stream of Christianity, the continuation of the Judeo Christian movement of the Apostles and the very first Christian Church that got separated from the rest of Christendom after the Council of Nicea which depicted the first uniform Christian creed, - calls their church as Holy Catholic Apostolic Church of the East.</div>
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'Catholic' is one of the four attributes or markers of the Christian church according to the Nicean creed promulgated by the first Council of Constantinople in AD 381- One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic.</div>
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<b>Christianity in Britain <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><i>Celtic Christianity.<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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Tertullian, the father of Latin theology has commented that by about AD 200, Christianity was spread in to even areas of the Britain inaccessible to the Romans-Britannorum inaccessa romanis loca.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Christianity in Britain had its beginnings with Celtic converts. Celtic Christianity was related Gallic<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Christianity<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> It was easy for the Celtic people to accept Christianity, due to certain similarities between pagan Celtic beliefs and Christian beliefs.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> In the history, the first signs of Christianity in Britain are seen from the early third century. The martyrdoms of Aaron, Julian and Alban are dated in the mid-third century<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. These were part of Roman persecutions. British Bishops were documented present in the Council of Arles in AD 314.The early Christianity in the Britain was related to the Roman occupation in the Britain. Much of Great Britain was incorporated into the Roman Empire by 43 AD<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Emperor Constantine abolished persecution of Christianity in the Roman Empire by Edict of Milan in AD 313. Later, with the Edict of Thessalonica in AD 380, Catholic Orthodoxy as depicted in the Councils of Nicea (AD 325) and Constantinople(381) was declared as the state religion of Roman Empire<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.</div>
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Archaeological studies show evidence of Christianity in Britain in the 4 th century AD in the form of personal items bearing Christian imagery, liturgical fonts or basins, church structures and burial sites.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Excavations at Canterbury revealed the presence of buildings of Roman period which were Christian Churches, another building at Reculver with archaeological features of a Christian church and a few other buildings at Roman occupied areas in England like Frampton in Dorsetshire and in Chedworth in Gloucestershire with Christian monograms<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.</div>
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Excavation near Trafalgar square in London revealed at least 1400 yr old Christian burial site in the traditional Christian manner east to west.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The excavation also shows evidence of Christianity pre dating the Anglo Saxon conversion.</div>
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Celtic Christianity has left a large number of Christian buildings, art objects, manuscripts, bronze bells, crosiers etc. Spiritually, their monastic life was intense as seen in Egypt or Syria.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> It has been proposed that these Celtic Christians had contacts with the Mesopotamia and Egypt that Celtic sacred manuscript as the Gospel text known as 'The Book of Durrow' and similar figures in Celtic sculptures of the late sixth century derive from the ancient Syriac Gospel book 'Diatessaron' and the Religio cultural symbol of Celtic Christianity (like the Saint Thomas Crosses of India), the 'Celtic crosses' have precedents in the art of Coptic Christianity<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Thus, we can presume that the Celtic Christians, even though they used Latin as their liturgical language, was constantly communicating and updating with the Christianity in the land and the culture where it originated, the Eastern Syriac Christianity.</div>
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<b><i>Anglo Saxon period.<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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Early 5th century, Romans abandoned their hold in England. Jutes, Angles and Saxons from continental Europe invaded England who destroyed the Christianity. The Christians might have got absorbed into the new society or pushed to the mountains of Wales or Cornish Tores<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></a></span>. In AD 597, Pope Gregory I sent Saint Augustine from the monastery of Saint Andrew to preach to the Anglo Saxons. Anglo Saxons were the Germanic tribes migrated to Britain from the Continental Europe. The Anglo Saxon conversion was a revival of Catholicism in England. Bede's ecclesiastical history narrates that Augustine was consecrated as the Bishop with his base at Canterbury. The local King had known about Christians and there was a Bishop already as a chaplain of the Queen who was a catholic.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn18" name="_ednref18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This revival continued with two provinces Canterbury and York.</div>
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Anglo Saxon chronicles also describe about an embassy sent to India. Anglo Saxon chronicles describe that in AD 883, King Alfred of England sends envoy with offerings that he woved to Saint Thomas's Tomb in India in thanksgiving for his victory over Dunes in London.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn19" name="_ednref19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>for and Saint Bar thulomy in India<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn20" name="_ednref20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. </div>
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<b><i>Norman period<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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11th century Norman conquest gave further revival to the English Catholicism with Romanesque Cathedrals and spiritual revival with Benedictines like Anslem and Lanfranc. Monasteries and convents flourished as the centres of learning. Pilgrimage was another feature of this period. Walsingham<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn21" name="_ednref21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> in 1061 witnessed a Marian apparition and became a pilgrim centre. Similar pilgrim centres were Holywell to commemorate St Winefred, Canterbury after the martyrdom of Thomas Becket in 1170, the then Archbishop of Canterbury, and so on. Pope Adrian IV was born in England and was elected as Pope in 1954.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn22" name="_ednref22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
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<b><i>Henrician reformation and subsequent persecution<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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Catholicism flourished in Britain in constant communion with the See of Rome until the reformation by Henry VIII. In 1534, Henry VIII suppressed Catholicism in Britain and established a National Church- the Church of England due to a number of reasons namely the King Henry VIII could not have an heir through his wife Catherine of Aragon and the Pope refused to annul the marriage with her so that Henry VIII can have an heir through another wife. This resulted in King and the Parliament renouncing the authority of the Pope and subsequent legislation lead to the formation of the Church of England with no communion with the Pope of Rome any actions opposing these legislation publicly considered as treason. This lead to persecution of Catholics- Saints John Fisher, Thomas Moore and others were martyred. Even though Henry VIII opposed to Protestantism and did not accept Protestant theology in doctrine or worship, the subsequent Monarchs allowed Protestant influence in the Church of England. Henry VIII dissolved all the monasteries and took over the rich properties of Catholic Church<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn23" name="_ednref23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. The period immediately followed Henry VIII was volatile. Edward IV (1547-1553)moved the Church of England into Protestant influence. During the period of Queen Mary 1 (1553-58) tried to bring back the Church into Catholicism. Elizabeth I (1558-1603 ) tried to abolish the authority of Pope in England by a number of legislatures by which it was made a crime to assert the authority of a foreign prince, prelate or authority. Pope Pius V in 1570 in his bull 'Regnans in Excelsis' excommunicated the Queen and obliged all Catholics to try to overthrow her. This resulted in the Government making more rigorous actions against the Catholics and persecutions against Catholics.</div>
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An assassination plot against King James I of England and King James VI of Scotland by blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder on the 5th of November 1605 by a group of English Catholics was foiled and the culprits were convicted. The commemoration of this victory over the rebellion Catholics was evolved into the Bonafire night celebrated even today.</div>
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Such actions by Catholics made them appear rebellious to the country and further persecutions followed for next 200 years. The act of settlement of 1701decided that the Monarch of England should only be a Protestant. Catholic presence and influence in the public life was limited, they did not have the right to vote, right to own property was limited. Civil rights were limited.</div>
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During these dark years, the Roman Catholic Church existed in England as Apostolic vicariates. Diocesan Episcopacy was restored only in 1850. By 1778, by Catholic relief act, there was some liberalisation in the anti-Catholic laws.</div>
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<b><i>Second Catholic revival<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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The situation changed by the influx of French Catholics by the end of 18th century due to French Revolution which was evidently anti-catholic, influx of Irish Catholics in the 19th century due to famine in the background of unification of Ireland leading to increased population of Catholics in England leading to pressure for abolishing the anti-catholic laws. Also some Anglican conversion to catholic church that involved eminent intellectuals. Roman Catholic relief act of 1829 reinstated equal civil rights to Catholics. Catholic hierarchy was restored with the establishment of Dioceses in place of vicariates in 1850.Catholic church grew in 20th century with an increased number of practicing Catholics actively participating in worship on Sundays compared to the Church of England.</div>
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Later, with modernisation and liberalisation of the society, practising Catholics became more of the older generation, but, being a persecuted church, Catholics were more in number compared to Church of England in active in religious practices and witnessing. But there was significant reduction in vocations.</div>
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By the end of 20th century, further immigration of Catholics from south Asia including South India, Philippines etc further boosted catholic numbers and more and more young people are seen in the church.</div>
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<b>Catholic Church of England today.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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English Roman Catholic Church comprises of 5 provinces Birmingham, Liverpool, Cardiff, Southwark and Westminster with 22 dioceses. There are about 4.1 million faithful in England according to 2011 census<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn24" name="_ednref24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Archbishop Vincent Cardinal Nicholls is the President of the Catholic Bishops Conference of England and Wales. With the spirit of II Vatican Council, the Catholic Church of England actively participates in ecumenical activities with other Christian Churches. Even being a minority in the country, with the history of a persecuted church, Catholic churches are still very active in religious life compared to the vast majority Church of England.</div>
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<b><i>Post Vatican council II -traditional Catholics versus liberal Catholics</i></b>.</div>
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There is a strong group of Catholics in England who loves the traditional Latin mass. The changes in the liturgy and church architecture in par with the so-called spirit of II Vatican Council and the liberalism has upset many the traditional catholic faithful. Latin mass Society<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn25" name="_ednref25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> is an organisation promoting the spirituality of Traditional Latin rite. There are several churches in England where traditional Latin liturgy is regularly celebrated with Gregorian chants and Holy Mass fully ad orietum.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn26" title="">[xxvi]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn26" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
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<b>Eastern Catholic Churches.</b><b style="font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><i>Syro Malabar Church<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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Syro Malabar Church is a Major Archi Episcopal Church with a strong base in England. Syro Malabar church is the second largest church in England after the Roman Rite. In the late 20th century, there was a mass migration of Nurses from Kerala to England<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Most of these Nurses came over from the Middle East where religious rights to Christians are minimal. They all came over to England with their secret prayer group spirituality. A number of Priests and certain lay leaders led these small communities with regular prayers, night vigils and celebration of Eucharistic liturgy in Malayalam language. These all were on the interests of a few dedicated Priests and the Charismatic movement. The main theme was pastoral care in Malayalam language and regular Charismatic retreats and prayers rather than the spirituality and rite of Syro Malabar Church.</div>
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Later, the Holy Synod of the Syro Malabar Church also took initiative and Chaplaincies were formed. In 2007, Pope Francis established an Eparchy of Great Britain for the Syro Malabar's and Bishop Mar Joseph Srampikkal was consecrated amidst a large crowd of faithful of about 12000 at Preston on 09th October 2016<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn28" name="_ednref28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.</div>
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With the establishment of the Eparchy, the Syro Malabar Church in England is growing in her own spirituality from an ethnolinguistic identity. Comparing to other ethnic groups, the English Catholic Church is hopeful that the Syro Malabar Church would lead a new revival with a different Eastern spirituality in England. The English church is very supportive to the Syro Malabar Church and spirituality and insists that the Liturgy and sacraments of Syro Malabar Church is protected and preserved in England<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn29" name="_ednref29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. It is a great opportunity to the Syro Malabar faithful to witness the Apostolic spirituality of Syro Malabar Church which is closer to the Judeo Christian movement of the Apostles than the familiar hellenised Latin West and Greek East and faith transmission in the Syriac spirituality to the native English people.</div>
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<b><i>Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church is another Major Archi Episcopal Church which has about 15000<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn30" name="_ednref30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> faithful living in England. They have an Eparchy in London with a Bishop. They take a very active role in introducing the Eastern Churches to the Western church through the Society of Saint John Chrysostom. In 2015, Society of Saint John Chrysostom organised a Festival of Eastern Catholic Churches with the theme on Syriac Christianity and Syro Malabar Church<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn31" name="_ednref31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.</div>
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<b><i>Other Eastern Catholic Churches.<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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There are chaplaincies of Maronite Church, Erythtrean Catholic Church, Syriac Catholic Church, Chaldean Church and Syro Malankara Church operate in England adding to the Universality of Catholic Church.</div>
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<b><i>Other Ethno linguistic groups.<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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Polish migrant Catholics are organised in England as congregations based on a few churches but they are part of English Catholic Parishes. There are large number of Philippino Catholics also in England associated with English parishes. </div>
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<b><i>Personal Ordinariate of our Lady of Walsingham<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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This is an establishment promulgated by Pope Benedict XVI in 2011 to accommodate the reunion of Anglicans while preserving the distinctive elements of Anglican Patrimony<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn32" name="_ednref32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. A number of serving and retired Bishops and several clergy and laymen joined the movement.</div>
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<b>Catholic Church of England and Eastern Spirituality.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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The Catholic Church of England is experiencing a new revival with the immigrant Catholics and Eastern catholic Churches, especially the Syro Malabar Church. Syriac Spirituality is not new to England. Archbishop Theodore of Canterbury(668-690 AD) was a Greek from Tarsus but was fluent in Syriac<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn33" name="_ednref33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. The influence of Syriac exegetical literature is widely seen in the Biblical commentaries of the Canterbury School of Theodore <a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn34" name="_ednref34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Now, Bishop Mar Joseph Srampikkal, a Syro Malabar Bishop who had his training and formation in Syriac tradition is leading the Syriac spirituality in England. The young active practicing Catholics of Syro Malabar Church is giving a vibrancy to the English parishes. Large-scale Charismatic prayer meetings and night vigils organised by the Syro Malabar faithful are common in all areas of England attracting the English Catholics as well.</div>
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<b>English Saints<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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There are a large number of native Saints venerated in the English Catholic Church. There are pre reformation saints and fathers and several martyrs during the period of persecution.</div>
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<b>Pilgrimage<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_edn35" name="_ednref35" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxv]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></b>.</div>
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Walsingham is a Norfolk village where a woman Richeldis de Faverches reported a Marian apparition in 1061. The shrine there is a major place of Pilgrimage. Syro Malabar faithful are also very enthusiastic about Walsingham Pilgrimage. The Syro Malabar Eparchy of Great Britain has also taken a very keen interest in Walsingham pilgrimage.</div>
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Holywell in North Wales in the memory of St Winefried, Canterbury in memory of Saint Thomas Becket, Westminster Abbey to commemorate Edward the confessor are a few of them.</div>
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<b>Conclusion.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Catholic Church in England is an ancient church with a glorious beginning and then dark ages of persecution. The Church became a minority and viewed by the general public as rebellious and radical to the nation but the spirituality of the Church sustained with the strong faithful. European and Asian immigration gave the English Catholic church great revival. The presence of Eastern Catholic churches adds the richness and universality of the Church life in England. The Catholic Church in England always stood for social justice, rights of the common workers and immigrants.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales accessed on 25 June 2017</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Rev J H Srawley, The Epistles of St Iganatius vol II Early Church classics, Society for promoting Christian Knowledge, London, 1910 p 41 foot note 4</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Rev J H Srawley, opus cited p 42 foot note</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Charles Thomas, Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500, University of California press, 1981, p 43</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Gaul (Latin Gallia)is a region in the Western Europe which was a heartland of Latin Christianity comprise of todays France, Luxumborg, Belgium, Switzerland and Northern Italy.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Diarmaid MacCulloch, A History of Christianity, Penguin Books, p330.The Celtic Christians were vibrant Catholics. They kept the language of Western Latin Christianity as their sacred and liturgical language . Gallic Christianity was initially Arian Christianity.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> F J Haverfield, Early British Christianity, English Historical review, vol 11, 1896, pp417-430</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Kimberley Rachel Grunke, The effects of Christianity upon the British Celts, University of Wisconsin La Crosse Journal of Undergraduate research, XI, 2008, p1</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Kimberley Rachel Grunke, The effects of Christianity upon the British Celts, University of Wisconsin La Crosse Journal of Undergraduate research, XI, 2008, p</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Cassiun Dio,Roman History, accessed from http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/60*.html#19 on 25 June 2017, Book LX, Nos 19-22</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Sydney Z Ehler, John B Morrall, (Ed), Church and State through the Centuries,: A collection of Historic documents with commentaries, Biblo and Tannen Publishers,1967, p 6-7</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> David Petts, The oxford handbook of Roman Britain</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> E P Loftus Brock, Christianity in Britain in Roman Times with reference to recent discoveries at Canterbury, Archaeologia Cantiana vol 15, 1883, pp 38-55</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> David M Keys, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/is-1400-year-old-treasure-evidence-of-christianitys-first-foothold-in-britain-426546.html accessed on 26 May 2017</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref15" name="_edn15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Diarmaid MacCulloch, A History of Christianity, Penguin Books, p 332.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Diarmaid MacCulloch, opus cit p332</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref17" name="_edn17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> John Mooreman, History of the Church in England, III edn,</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref18" name="_edn18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Judith McClure, Roger Collins, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, The Greater Chronicle, Bede's letter to Egbert, Oxford University Press, p 39-40</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref19" name="_edn19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Diana Webb, Medieval European Pilgrimage C700-c 1500, Palgrave, p146</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref20" name="_edn20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Rev James Ingram, The Anglo Saxon Chronicle, A history of England from Roman Times to the Norman conquest, Red and Black publishers, St Petersburg, Florida, p 57</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref21" name="_edn21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> It is not surprising that a large number of Syro Malabar faithful from Kerala are very enthusiastic in Wasingham pilgrimage as they come from Kuravilangad, the ancient church in Kerala where the Mother Mary appeared to children in AD 325. Walsingham could be considered as the Kuravilangad of the England.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref22" name="_edn22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> John Duncan Mackie, Pope Adrian IV: The Lothian Essay, Blackwell Publishers page 5</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref23" name="_edn23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> G W Bernard, The dissolution of the monasteries, History, 2011 cited in Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales#cite_note-26 accessed on 26 June 2017</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref24" name="_edn24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_Kingdom accessed on 29 June 2017</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref25" name="_edn25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> https://lms.org.uk/about#introduction accessed on 29 June 2017</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref26" name="_edn26" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> It is very sad to note that in one of those English Catholic churches in England where only Tridentine Mass is celebrated, (fully ad orientum) one of the prominent Syro Malabar Pastors used to celebrate Syro Malabar Liturgy fully ad populum on a regular basis ridiculing the spirituality, traditions and over all of this, the decision of the Holy Synod of the Syro Malabar church about celebrations of the holy Eucharistic liturgy among migrants.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref27" name="_edn27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Rev Fr Mathew Thottathimyalil, History of Syro Malabar Church in the UK and Eire, 2005, p6, 37.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref28" name="_edn28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-37587782 accessed on 29 June 2017</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref29" name="_edn29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Archbishop Vincent Cardinal Nicholls, the President of the Catholic Bishops Conference of England and Wales, personal letter dated 21 January 2014 to the author with a copy to the then Co ordinator of the Syro Malabar Mission in England.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref30" name="_edn30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales accessed on 29 June 2017</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref31" name="_edn31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> http://orientale-lumen.blogspot.co.uk/2015/08/festival-of-eastern-catholic-churches.html accessed on 28 June 2017</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref32" name="_edn32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_Walsingham accessed on 29 June 2017</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref33" name="_edn33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Panteleimon Tzorbatzoglou, St Theodore, Archbishop of canterbury (668-690AD), A Greek from Tarsus of Cilicia in England: Some aspects of his life, Mediterranean Chronicle, vol 2, 2012 Diavlos, p 80</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref34" name="_edn34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Sebstian Brock, St Theodore of Canterbury, the Canterbury school and the Christian East, Heythorpe Journal, XXXVI, 1995, p433</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/Theology%20Course/Assignments/History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20England/History%20of%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20England%20(3).docx#_ednref35" name="_edn35" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales accessed on 29 June 2017</div>
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Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-82214795702897803072017-10-06T21:24:00.000+01:002017-11-26T18:53:24.741+00:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pahlavi inscribed Sliva of Irinjalakkuda : An appraisal of the iconography and theology.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Martin Thomas Antony<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Irinjalakkuda%20Sliwa-1.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, Judeson Kochuparampil<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Irinjalakkuda%20Sliwa-1.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, Alphin Joseph Chackochan<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Irinjalakkuda%20Sliwa-1.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Irinjalakkuda%20Sliwa-1.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Author of the paper.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Irinjalakkuda%20Sliwa-1.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></a> Contribution to the theological and iconographic discussion.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Irinjalakkuda%20Sliwa-1.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Contribution in the form of unveiling this previously not very well known sliva to the public by his investigative and research attitude towards Thomasine Christianity and traditions and the photograph of the Saint Thomas cathedral at Irinjalakkuda.</div>
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<b>Introduction<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Pahlavi inscribed bas relief crosses are the most ancient antiquities of the Saint Thomas Christians of India. A modern Pahlavi inscribed granite bas relief sliva has been installed at the Saint Thomas cathedral of Irinjalakkuda belonging to the Syro Malabar Major Archi-episcopal Church. This was during the renovation of the cathedral on the occasion of the Silver Jubilee celebration of the eparchy and cathedral in 2003.This sliva is found on the left wall of the main nave of the church on the side of the altar. There are several such crosses excavated from South India and South Asia reminding us of the common religio cultural patrimony of the East Syriac Christians of the area. Several scholars have studied these crosses and they have been discussed in many oriental scholastic forums. It has been confirmed that these inscriptions are in the Pahlavi script that was used to write middle Iranian languages.</div>
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The ancient sliva of Alengad<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> is supposed to be most ancient of this genre of crosses based on the epigraphical studies<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. The Alengad sliva has been dated back to the 3rd or 4th century AD. It is accepted by scholars that these crosses in South India are unintelligent copies of a single original<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> which could be the Alengad sliva.</div>
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It was Arthur Coke Burnell<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> who first reported that these inscriptions are in Pahlavi, a Middle Persian language<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Due to the presence of a Middle Persian language on it, Burnell commented that these could belong to a group of Christians who were once Manicheans and then converted to Christianity as the cross and inscriptions are definitely of Christian in character<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Burnell wrote that he would expect more evidence of a Manichean presence in South India.</div>
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Richard Collins refuted Burnell's arguments quoting Eusebius' account of Panthaenus who reported to have found Christians with a Gospel of Mathew in Hebrew characters before the second century to prove that Christianity existed in India before the period of Manes<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.</div>
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Further research brought out a large body of evidence pointing towards the presence of Syriac Christianity in relation to Persian Church in Malabar and its connection to the Persian Church refuting the argument of Burnell. Moreover,further studies were carried out and more Pahlavi inscribed crosses were excavated which lead to accurate reading of the inscriptions. It confirmed that these crosses are the most ancient artefacts of the East Syriac Thomasine Christianity in Malabar and its relationshipwith the Church of Fars in Persia Proper.</div>
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Certain vested interests within the Syro Malabar Church once resulted in accusations that these crosses were Manichean in origin by misquoting Burnell. Burnell never commented that these crosses were Manichaean. He only commented that as these crosses bear Pahlavi inscriptions, they could belong to a group of Christians who were once Manicheans<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.</div>
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<b>Christian community of Irinjalakkuda<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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The Christian community of Irinjalakkuda belong to the ancient Christian community of 'Kodungallur'. Due to political disturbances in 'Kodungallur' during 1523-24<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, Christians migrated to nearby places. There is an ancient Christian church at 'Mapranam' near 'Irinjalakkuda' dedicated to 'Mar Sliva'- Holy Cross.</div>
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The Eparchy of 'Irinjalakkuada' is part of the Syro Malabar Major Archi episcopal Church within the province of the Arch eparchy of Trichur. Within the religio cultural politics of Thomas Christians of Kerala during the 16th to 19th centuries, the Christian community of 'Irinjalakkuda' and the Eparchy of 'Irinjalakkuda' were part of the 'Pazhayacoor' community of Syriac Christians who remained loyal to the communion with the Universal Catholic Church effected through the Patriarchate of Chaldeans since AD 1552.</div>
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During the advent of the colonial Portuguese missionaries, the Saint Thomas Christians were in friendship with them in the initial period. However, due to the heavy handedness of the Portuguese missionaries and attempts at Latinisation, the entire Saint Thomas Christian community in Kerala revolted against the missionaries through the great 'Coonan Cross oath'<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Due to the intervention of Rome, Carmelite Missionaries were sent to pacify the situation and majority of the Thomas Christians returned to the Roman communion due to the following reasons. </div>
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The East Syriac Church always accepted the primacy of the Bishop of Rome even when there was no explicit communion<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. There were several Patriarchs who sent formal letters of communion with the Pope of Rome<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. One of the famous among them is the visit of 'Ramban Sauma', the then Patriarchal visitor who travelled to Rome to meet with the Pope in 1287. 'Ramban Sauma' was received by the 12 member Cardinals. There was a formal communion. The Pope allowed 'Ramban Sauma' to celebrate Holy Qurbana in Vatican in the Syriac language.The Pope send a golden crown, a red embroidered vestment and a ring to Patriarch Jaballaha III with a letter of authorisation as Patriarch of all over the Orientals and made 'Rabban Bar Sauma' as the Papal visitator in 1288<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Since 1552, beginning with the Chaldean schism inside the Church of the East, a section lead by Patriarch Yohannan Sulakha came into full communion with the Pope of Rome and there was a continuous line of Bishops sent to Malabar from the Patriarchate of the Chaldeans approved by the Pope of Rome. Since the Synod of Diamper in AD 1599, the whole of Saint Thomas Christian community were in full communion with the Pope of Rome. </div>
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Moreover, the revolting Archdeacon did not have a canonically legitimate Bishopric consecration while the group that returned to Roman communion had a native Thomas Christian Mar Parambil Chandy as a Bishop with canonically legitimate Bishopric consecration. This led to the majority of Thomas Christians returning to the communion with the Pope of Rome<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.</div>
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<b><i>Paulose Pandari, Mar Rokos, Mar Melus and the Chaldeans of Trichur<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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The Pazhayacoor group were adherent to the Christian principles of obedience and submission to their legitimate spiritual superiors. This led them to fall into the trap of the spirituo-colonial obedience and submissive stewardship of the Roman Catholic missionaries. The heavy handed attitude of the missionaries were intolerable and it led to the community seeking to get reconnected to the Babylonian Patriarchate of the Chaldeans. Several delegates were sent to the Patriarchate that resulted in consecrating a native Thomas Christian as a Bishop in 1798- 'Paulose Pandary' as Mar Abraham<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> and sending Patriarchal visitors to Malabar- Mar Thomas Rokos in 1861 and Mar Elia Melus in 1874<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. These two Patriarchal visitors and their activities resulted in a minor division among the 'Pazhayacoor' which resulted in a group of the followers of Mar Melus joining the non Catholic Church of the East.</div>
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<b><i>Saint Thomas Cathedral of Irinjalakkuda<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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The Saint Thomas' Cathedral at Irinjalakkuda was formerly the Saint George's church founded in AD 1845 by the migration of Christians from Mapranam, Kalparambu, Veleyanad and nearby places. During the time of 'Mellusian' influence, a majority joined the Melus party. Some of whom later became the Church of the East in India also called Chaldeans of Trichur. During that time, those 'Pazhayacoor' Syriac Christians in allegiance with the Pope of Rome built another church in 1880 in the name of 'Marth Maryam'. Later, the 'Mellusians' returned to the 'Pazhayacoor' community and both churches became Catholic churches side by side.</div>
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When the eparchy of Irinjalakkuda was formed in AD 1978, both the parishes were amalgamated and Saint George's Church was renamed as Saint Thomas' Cathedral.</div>
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On the occasion of the Silver Jubilee of the Eparchy of Irinjalakkuda, renovation works were carried out at the Cathedral church and as part of it , a granite bas relief 'sliva' was made and installed in the church in 2003. Rev Fr Jose Irimpan was the Cathedral Vicar during that period. Fr Irimpan commented that he was aware of the disputes about these crosses but did not consider the disputes as relevant. Hence he considered installing such a cross in the renovated cathedral. He found this design of cross in a book and commissioned a stone smith at 'Kurukkanpara' near Trichur to make one and installed it in the church<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. </div>
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There is no surprise to see this cross installed in the cathedral at Irinjalakkuda as it is very appropriate. The opposition and disputes about these crosses were not from the ordinary faithful or clergy but from certain groups with vested interest inside the Church. The Syro Malabar faithful in Trichur area, being the descendants of the Christians of the ancient Christian centres of Kodungallur and Palayur would be more adherent to the East Syriac spirituality and traditions. They even today celebrate the feast of Denha as 'Pindikuthy perunnaal' with lamps lighted on a plantain bark- pindi. Singing the syriac chant 'El payya- God is Light' was traditionaly associated with this celebration.</div>
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<b>Irinjalakkuda Sliva<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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The basic structure of this sliva is similar to the most famous among the genre of Pahlavi inscribed crosses of south Asia, 'the Mount Cross'- the sliva adorned in the main altar of the Saint Thomas Mount church at 'Mailappore'. The 'Irinjalakkuda sliva' has a few unique features. It is more complex and elaborate in its artwork.</div>
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This 'sliva' looks very fine in the art work and finish, like a modern make. The granite tablet was made into a niche with two pillars and an arch with beautiful floral pattern on the base and above the arch. There are a series of flowery pattern engraved over the arch as a band in between two lines. There are floral designs seen on the base also, in 5 square pattern and 4 circles in between with leaf design on both ends. These circular and rectangular shaped 'end on' view floral design is a common theme on the pedestals of most of the open -air rock crosses found in front of the ancient Saint Thomas Christian Churches. The plaster art seen on the walls and facades of some of the ancient Nasrani churches also shows the same pattern. Above the band of floral design on the top of the arch, a plain cross is engraved in the centre with symmetrical leaf petal design on both sides.</div>
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Within the niche, the Pahlavi inscribed cross design has been carved. There are again two pillars and a round arch within the niche on either sides of the cross. with Pahlavi inscriptions outside the pillars and arch. On the top of the pillars, as seen on the mount cross, we can identify the aquatic creature- 'makara' as seen in the Mount Cross. The arch is three layered with segmentation on the middle layer. The cross has longer lower arm with three buds on all four ends. There is upward directed curved flowery design in three layers surrounded with a linear leaf petal design towards the outer side. Below this, there is downward directed curved pattern with inner layer as plain raised edge and outer two layers appear segmented like linear leaf petal design.</div>
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Within this downward directed curved floral pattern, there is an inverted arrow or spear like structure with curved top with indentations. The spear penetrates into the base design which is a symmetrical rectangular structure with curled vine design on it.</div>
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Unlike most Pahlavi inscribed slivas, the three steps on the base of the cross is not present here. The dove is very well designed with two wings and a tail with the feathers clearly seen. On either sides of the dove, there is another inverted floral design.</div>
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The Pahlavi inscriptions seem to be the copy of the rest of the crosses. As we already know, the inscriptions on these crosses are unintelligent copies of an original. Since this inscription is a modern make, there is not much epigraphic value in it.</div>
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<b>East Syriac theology behind the sliva<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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'Prabho Mihindukulasuriya' of the Colombo Theological seminary has commented that the Pahlavi inscribed crosses of Sri Lanka and South India bear three important stylistic elements that characterise East Syriac or Nestorian crosses. They are the leaved elements emerging from the base of the cross, the pearl like element on the ends of the four arms and the three-stepped pedestal<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn18" name="_ednref18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.</div>
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<b><i>Leaved elements on Crosses, the Tree of Life</i>.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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The leaf like design seen on the base of the cross and the sides of the dove and on the top of the slab are quite similar to the East Syriac Christian iconographic style. K Parry comments that leaved crosses- plain crosses with flared arms with two large leaves raising either side of the base is seen in both East Syriac Christianity and in the Byzantine Christianity.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn19" name="_ednref19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Armenian Khatchkar, the religio cultural symbol of the ancient Christianity of Armenia, are stone crosses widely seen in Armenia with a plain cross emerging from two leaf like structures on either side. Archaeological studies of crosses found at 'Ain Shaia' in Iraq, 'Al Qusur' on the island of 'Failaka' of the sixth century and island of 'Kharg' of the sixth century demonstrate that the leaved cross design is common among the East Syriac Christians.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn20" title="">[20]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn20" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></div>
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The cross emerging from the leaves on either side symbolises the Tree of Life. For the Syriac fathers, the tree of life symbolises Christ and the Cross<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn21" name="_ednref21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. In the Syriac language, the term 'Sliva' denotes 'the Cross', also has a meaning 'the one who is crucified'. The word sliva originates from the root 'slb' which means to crucify. Sliva means the object that is used to crucify and also the one who is crucified. Thus sliva means Christ.</div>
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In 'Mapranam', near 'Irinjalakkuda', there is an ancient church in the name of Mar Sliva. The devoteees traditionally call the Sliva as 'Sliva Muthappan'- personifying the cross into a person rather than an object. Here, 'Sliva Muthappan' is Christ himself<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn22" name="_ednref22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. This is agreeing with the East Syriac tradition of placing the 'Sliva' in the Madbha as body of Christ and the 'Word' as the soul of Christ<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn23" name="_ednref23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. </div>
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Gregory of Nazianzen wrote 'Jesus himself is the tree of life, in the same theme of the burial of Jesus it is appropriate to speak of his Person being planted in the earth than the Cross'<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn24" name="_ednref24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> St Cyril of Jerusalem depicts the Cross as the tree that overcome the sin that came through a tree.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn25" name="_ednref25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
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The Irinjalakkuda sliva is adorned with plenty of artwork of leafy pattern above the arch. Many of the leafy pattern is of a bipetal arrangement.</div>
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<b><i>The Pearl ended arms<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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The pearl arrangement at the ends of the four arms is also a theme in Syriac devotional literature and iconography. The pearl is a famous theme in Syriac poetry, the Hymn of the Pearl mentioned in the apocryphal Acts of Thomas depicts partaking in the kingdom of God<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn26" name="_ednref26" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.</div>
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In Hymns of the Pearl, Ephraim the Syrian, the great Syriac father and the Harp of the Holy Spirit highlights the Pearl as salvation.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Crosses with expanding and bifurcating arms terminating in one or three pearls are very common on Christian seals of the Sassanian period. Such crosses are found in stucco crosses and other Christian artefacts in the Far East also. K Parry comments that these crosses ending in pearls are more representatives of the Church of the East than the leaved crosses<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn28" name="_ednref28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.</div>
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<b><i>Spear replacing the three steps<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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An important feature of the Irinjalakkuda sliva is the absence of the three steps. The three -steps are replaced with an inverted spear penetrating a rectangular base which is decorated with vine design. This could be the depiction of resurrection. The spear head opening the tomb and the risen Christ stands over it triumphantly depicting the victory over death.</div>
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<b>Iconographic and theological development<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Overall, the Irinjalakkuda sliva depicts the development of the theology of worship and iconography from simple 'lotus cross and dove' design to a more complex and elaborate design. As it is a modern design from a book and no local progressive development, it cannot be considered as a native development of theology or iconography but an adoption from elsewhere. We can observe some initial progressive development of these crosses from the Alengad Sliva to the Mount Cross at Mailappore. Alengad Sliva shows the leafy arrangement similar to that of Mesopotamia which developed into more or less like a lotus shape in the Mount Cross. The lotus is more well defined in similar crosses of Far East. The pearl at the end of the arms also shows development into a well defined tri petal arrangement like a bud.</div>
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The descending dove is an addition from the famous Armenian Khatchkar crosses which are only leaved crosses. This is a theological development in iconography, new life of the church in the Holy Spirit<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn29" name="_ednref29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Descending dove onto a cross has been seen in many ancient Christian artefacts. The sacrophagus of Archbishop Theodore who died in 691 at Ravenna, the apse mosaic of the basilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome <a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn30" name="_ednref30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> and a Syrian marble slab of the sixth or seventh centuries<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn31" name="_ednref31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> are some examples.</div>
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<b><i>Indian religio cultural influence</i></b>.</div>
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When we move from the western coast to the eastern coast of South India, we can see the adoption of more of Indian inculturation in the development of the Sliva specifically with regard to the arch, pillars and the lotus. The arch is pointed in the Alenagd sliva which becomes a rounded 'torana' on the Mount cross. The round arch is common in Hindu and Budhist art. The arch springs from an aquatic object makara. Makara torana is also seen in Kailasanatha temple of Ellora, seventh century rock temples in Mahabalipuram and at the Vaikuntha Perumal and the eighth century Kailasanatha temples at Kanchipuram<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn32" name="_ednref32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. There are many ancient south Indian sculptures from Hindu temples displayed in the British Museum in London displaying the round arch. This shows the adoption of local culture in the development of iconography of these Pahlavi inscribed granite crosses of South India. The Saint Thomas Cross is an early, perhaps the earliest example of inculturated Christian art in India.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn33" title="">[33]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_edn33" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></div>
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<b>Conclusion<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Saint Thomas Crosses are the only developed icons of worship found among Saint Thomas Christians. According to the early Portuguese writers, the ancient Churches of the Saint Thomas Christians were adorned with only these crosses.</div>
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All the so called disputes about this sliva in the 1980s and 1990s came out of the involvement of certain vested interests and hatemongering groups within the Syro Malabar Church who created anarchy, indiscipline and hatred that hampered the development of the Church. This cross itself is a proof of the evolution of a definite theological development in the church which could have lead to a locally developed liturgical rite. These crosses are an expression of our faith and worship. Theology develops from worship. Icons of worship develop from the faith experience of the community. Iconographic studies are important in studying about worship and the theology of the Church.</div>
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Studying about these crosses will definitely lead us to more understanding of our faith and worship and theological development. Ignoring the iconography and theology of these crosses would be detrimental to the study and development of theology of the Saint Thomas Christians of Malabar. The Theologians and Liturgists of the Syro Malabar Church should focus on studying these Pahlavi inscribed bas relief crosses and inscriptions which could pave way to the development of a local liturgical theology, as a section in the Church is pushing for writing a new anaphora for the Syro Malabar Church. Liturgical theology cannot develop instantaneously on its own as evolution of Liturgy is a progressive development imbibing the local traditions of worship and culture. Any development of Liturgy or Anaphora without considering these crosses are like implanting a new theology to the Church against a natural and progressive theological development.</div>
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<b>Credits.</b></div>
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Thanks to Mr Mathew Mailapprampil for reviewing the paper thoroughly and for opinions, comments and language corrections.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Alengatte Purathana Thoma sleeha Kurish (Malayalam) Ernakulam Missam, February 1930, pp 78-79. This ancient Pahlavi inscribed granite sliva found near Alengad Church. This was found on the basement of an open air rock cross at the junction near the church.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> M T Antony, Alengad Sliva: The neglected jewel of the ancient Christian settlement in Alengad and the most ancient Christian artefact of Malabar, South India, The Harp, Vol XXX, 2016, p267-316.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> C P T Winkworth, A new interpretation of the Pahlavi Cross inscription of South India, The Journal of Theological Studies, April 1929.pp237-243.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Arthur Coke Burnell was an English Sanskrit scholar born in Gloucester in 1870. His father was an official in the East India Company and he moved to Madras in 1860 as a member of the Indian Civil Service. He acquired and presented a collection of 350 Sanskrit manuscripts to the India library in 1870. In 1874, he published 'A handbook of South Indian Paleography'. He wrote articles about the Pahlavi inscriptions on the Mailappore Cross in Indian Antiquary in 1874</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> A C Burnell, Pehlevi inscriptions, The Academy Vol IV, No 74, June 14, 1873, pp237-238.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> A C Burnell, Earliest Christian Missions in South India, in Correspondence and Miscellanea as a reply to Rev, 18 May 1875, in Indian Antiquary, vol IV, 1875</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Richard Collins, Malabar Christians, in Correspondence and Miscellanea, 23 June 1875 Indian Antiquary Vol IV 1875</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Burnell connected these Crosses to Persia and assumed that as Christianity was vogue in Persia and Manicheans were popular, it could belong to a group of Christians who were once Manicheans., as the inscription on the Cross was Christian in its content.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Jacob Kollaparambil, The Persian Crosses of India are Christian, not Manichaen, Christian Orient, vol XVMarch 1994 citing A M Mundadan, The Arrival of the Portuguese in India and the Thomas Christians under Mar Jacob, (Bangalore, 1967), PP 99-100</div>
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A M Mundadan, History of Christianity in India Vol 1, Church History Association of India, Bangalore, 2001p 302. The Samuthiry and the Muslim army attached Cranganore and burnt the Saint Thomas Christian Churches in AD 1523-24. Christians escaped Kodungallur to nearby places.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Joseph Thekkedath, History of Christianity in India Vol II, Church History Association of India Bangalore, 2001, pp 91-94. The community had sent several letters to Eastern Patriarchs to send a Bishop to Malabar. As a response, one Mar Ahathalla arrived in Mailappore in AD 1652. Two deacons who were in Mailappore on pilgrimage brought this information with a letter from Mar Ahathalla to Kerala in which he stated that he was a Patriarch sent by the Pope. Mar Ahathalla was taken by the Portuguese for inquisition. Archdeacon Thomas organised a meeting of the community at Udayamperoor and requested Archbishop Garcia to take Mar Ahathalla to Malabar. Archbishop Garcia responded that even if Mar Ahathalla was sent by the Pope, Ahathalla did not have the authority from the King of Portugal(Padruado) and hence could not be released. Mar Ahathalla was taken to Goa. In their anger and disappointment of having a Syriac rite Bishop, they took a public oath at Mattancherry on 03 January 1653, stating that they rejected Archbishop Garcia and the Jesuites who disobeyed the Pope and removed their Patriarch sent by the Pope from them. They took this oath by tying a rope to a cross in front of the Church of Our Lady at Mattancherry and the cross bent as people pulled the rope. Hence, this oath was called the Coonan Cross oath- the bent cross oath.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Rev Dr Placid Podipara, The Church of Selucia and its Catholic Communion, in Collected Works of Rev Dr Placid J Podipara, C M I, vol I Ed. Fr Thomas Kalayil C MI, San Jos Publications, Mannanam, Kottayam, 2007, pp 66-133.. Church of Selucia declared independence from Church of Antioch by the Synod of Markabta in AD 424 by declaring the title of the Metropolitan of Selucia as Catholicose -Patriarch and the second Peter and decided that there should not be any appeals to the Western Fathers. This means only that the Catholicose Patriarch will do all the matters like resolution of disputes etc that were done by the Western Fathers. According to Rev Dr Placid Podipara, this was only an evolution and organisation of an ecclesiastical assembly. By stating that the Catholicose is second Peter, the Church remained in the Catholic communion by accepting the primacy of Peter. The then Universal Church anathemised Nestorius in the Synod of Ephesus in which the Church of Seleucia did not take part probably due to political reasons. Due to this, the Church of Seleucia was accused by the later Historians as Nestorians. Later, the Universal Church by the Synod of Chalcedon, accepted the so called Nestorian principles by vehement denial of the Monophytism. Patriarch Timothy I in AD 778 wrote 'If because of the Apostle Peter the first and the Chief rank is preserved to Rome, how much more to Selucia and Ctesiphon because of the Lord Peter' attesting the Primacy of Peter and Rome. Another Bishop David contemporary of Patriarch Timothy I praises Rome "..... glorius Rome where Peter and Paul are placed as pillars where are the ornament of princess and the stole of those of the household of Abraham..." in the book 'Mensura Climatum et Variationes Dierum ac Noctium'. Bishop Elias Damascenus of the Churchof the East in AD 893 wrote " have ordered and said let there be in the whole world of four Patriarchs, and more, as four Evangelists.. and let him be the Superior who is Rome...", " The first Patriarch is the Patriarch of Rome who has so much honour and eminence over all the Patriarchs...". Abdallaha Benattubus, a famous canonist of East Syriac Church in the 11th century wrote "like the number of four parts of the globe, the Patriarchs are to be four and their Chief , the Patriarch of Rome as the Appostles have ordained."</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Rev Dr Placid Podipara, opus cit. pp 136-150.Since the time of Crusades, there was communications between various Popes and East Syriac church. Pope Innocent IV sent Dominican Friars to the Nestorian and Jacobite Patriarchs. The Nestorians gladly entered into communion with the Roman Patriarch. Patriarch Jaballaha II in 1233 professed Catholic faith according to the writings of Guriel. Patriarch Sabriso in AD 1247 had closer relations with the Pope Innocent IV. Pope sent a letter to Sabriso V according to Giamil. Patriarch's vicar Rabban Ara, representing the whole Selucian church submitted a letter to Pope along with a letter from Chinese Christians and Metropolitan Isoyahb of Nisbis and two other Archbishops and three Bishops. This was a formal letter from the Hierarchy of the East Syriac Church. Patriarch Jaballaha III (Monk Markose) sent Rabban Bar Sauma as his visitator to Rome in 1287.Pope Nicholas IV allowed Rabban Bar Sauma to celebrate Holy Qurbana in Syriac at Rome and on the Palm Sunday, Bar Sauma received Holy Communion from the Pope.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> James A Montgomery, The History of Yaballaha III, Nestorian Patriarch and his vicar Bar Sauma.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> It is very interesting to note that prominent Syriac Orthodox churches like Manarcadu, Piravom, Kottayam Valiyapalli etc were with Bishop Chandy Parampil in the initial period while the Marth Maryam Basilica at Champakulam was with the Archdeacon.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref15" name="_edn15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Rev Dr James Puliyurumpil, History of Syro Malabar Church, OIRSI NO 382, pp265-67.Pandary Seesma, (Malayalam) OIRSI Publications, no 279, p 67.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Cherian Varicatt, The Suriyani Church of India, her quest for autochthonous Bishops (1877-1896), OIRSI no 175 pp6-7 and 14-16</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref17" name="_edn17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Personal communication with Rev. Dr Irimpan.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref18" name="_edn18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Prabho Mihindukulasuriya, Persian Christians of the Anuradhapura Period, in A Cultured faith: Essays in honour of Professor G P V Somaratna on His Seventieth Birthday, Colombo, Sri Lanka, Colombo Theological Seminary, 2011.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref19" name="_edn19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> K Parry, Images in the Church of the East: The evidence from Central Asia and China, p145, Bulletin of John Rylands University Library, Manchester, 1996</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref20" name="_edn20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> K Parry, opus cit p 146</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref22" name="_edn22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> In many places in Kerala where churches are devoted to Mar Sliva, devotees call the sliva 'kuriyachan' in the meaning 'kurish achan' personifying the Cross as a person. This must be the continuation of ancient usage in Syriac tradition. </div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref23" name="_edn23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Charles Pyngott CMI, The Cross, its place in the Hudra and its sign in Baptism and Eucharist, Doctoral Dissertation submitted to Pontifical Oriental Institute , Rome, 1971, directed by Rev Alphons Raes S J, pp 40-41</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref24" name="_edn24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Gregory of Nazianzen, Oratio XXIX Theologica tertia, Patrologia Greeca, J P Migne, Paris,36, col 101 cited by Joseph Vazhuthannappally, Archeology of Mar Sliba, OIRSI No 139, p33</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref25" name="_edn25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Joseph Vazhuthannappalli, Archaeology of Mar Sliba. OIRSI No 139,p 32</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref26" name="_edn26" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> A F J Klijn, The so called Hymn of the Pearl, Acts of Thomas Ch 108-113, Vigilie Christiane, vol 14 No 3, sep 1960, pp 154-64</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref28" name="_edn28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> K Parry, opus cit p 146</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref29" name="_edn29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Dove and Cross, Indian Church history review, IV.1 June 1970, pp 3-4 cited by Eckehard Bickelmann, The Saint Thomas Cross: An early example of the inculturation of Christian art in India, Indian Church History review, p 66.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref30" name="_edn30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> John Butler, Further thoughts on the South Indian Crosses, Indian Church History Review, IV No 2 1970, p 73-74</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref31" name="_edn31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Eckehard Bickelmann, The saint Thomas Cross: An early example of the inculturation of Christian art in India, Indian Church History review , 25/1 June 1991, p 66.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref32" name="_edn32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Eckehard Bickelmann, opus cit,p 64</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2017/Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Sliva%20of%20Irinjalakkuda%20an%20appraisal%20of%20the%20iconography%20and%20theology.docx#_ednref33" name="_edn33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Eckehard Bickelmann, opus cit, p 64.</div>
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Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-58156325682334642332017-02-12T21:11:00.001+00:002017-02-12T22:13:00.025+00:00Champakulam Kalloorkkadu Marth Maryam Basilica: A Jewel in the Universal Church.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span> <span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Dr. Martin Thomas Antony</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The ancient and beatific Kalloorkkadu Marth Maryam Church has been recognised as a Basilica. Champakualm Kalloorkkadu Church is a very ancient and important Syro Malabar church. It is one among the second-generation Mar Thoma Nasrani (Saint Thomas Christian) churches in Kerala. According to local traditions, this church was founded in AD 427 and originated from the Niranam church which was founded by Apostle Thomas himself. It was one among the only 7 Forane Churches in the southern Vicariate of Kottayam in AD 1887 when the Syro Malabar hierarchy was restored. The Vicariate of Kottayam included the geographical area of todays Arch eparchy of Changanacherry and parts of the Arch eparchy of Ernakulam-Angamali, the whole area south of river Periyaar in Kerala. Today, this area is represented by 7 Syro Malabar Eparchies with Bishops however, the ancient church of Champakulam was neglected as only a Forane Church. Now, this Church has been recognised as a Basilica by the Pope of Rome. This means that this Church has a special relation with the Pope of Rome reflecting the Universality of Catholic Church and acceptance of the Primacy of Rome which the East Syrian Church always held. This new title is a recognition of this ancient Christian community of Champakulam from the Universal Church. Thus, Champakulam Kalloorkkadu Church has a global perspective today. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Churches in the East and the influence of Western Christianity</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Churches in the East, especially the Churches in the East Syriac tradition had been alienated from the rest of the Christendom due to political reasons like the feud between the Roman and the Persian Empires and logistical reasons like geographical inaccessibility. The East Syriac Church took a Nationalistic strategy through the synods in AD 410, 420 and their Metropolitan of the Capital city assumed primacy and called Grand Metroplitan in presence of Western Fathers<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. In AD 424<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> the Synod of Markabta declared their Metropolitan of the capital city as a Catholicos. Later, the Church of the East was wrongly accused of Nestorianism</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. <span style="background: white;">The so-called Nestorianism seems to be a misunderstanding due to expression of the faith with certain ambiguous terms in Greek. Dr Adrian Fortescue writes ‘we saw that Greek words used in the Nestorian controversy are sometimes ambiguous and add to the confusion by the fact that we are not always sure what the people who use them mean<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> .’</span></span><span style="border: 1pt none; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Adrian Fortescue further comments in ‘Lesser Eastern Churches’ that the so called Nestorianism of East Syrians was only a vehement denial of the Monophysitism<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. We can see later in the Council of Chalcedon, Monophysitism was condemned. The Chalcedonian Doctrine can be considered as a modified version of the old Antiochene Doctrine of the so-called Nestorianism<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.</span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;"><br />
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</span><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The Christology of the Church of the East is based mainly on the work of Babai the Great of 6th century- ‘The Book of Union’ which describes about the union of Divine and Human natures of Christ. Babai’s interpretation can be considered as the best interpretation of the Antiochene position (Churches of the Greco Roman tradition) insisting on the perfection of the human nature of Christ and assumption of the form of servant by the Word of God.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;"><br />
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</span><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Also, the reconciliation of Patriarch Iso Yahb II (628-643 AD) in Antioch with the following appellation of the faith of the Church of the East that ‘our belief in a Christ who, as Perfect Man, was consubstantial with us; – and who, as Perfect God, was consubstantial with the Father, in one “Personalitas”<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></span></a></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14pt;">confirms their pro Chalcedonian position in par with the Greco Roman Churches.</span><br />
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt;">Even though the East Syriac church was religio-politically and geographically separated from the Churches of the Greco Roman traditions, they were in an active give and take relation with the Western Church, reflecting the Universality of the Church.. Churches in the East Syriac tradition </span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 14.0pt;">always accepted the Bishop of Rome as 'primus inter pares'. This can be seen in writings of Patriarch Isho Yahb of Adiabene<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, Patriarch Timothy I the Great<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> and many other Fathers of the Church of the East. East Syriac church accepted many doctrines of western Greco Roman churches in different time periods. The Chronicles of Seert tells us about translation of the works of Theodore of Mopseustia and Deodore of Tarsus into Syriac- examples of adopting some Western theology for the benefit of the Church. Thus, these theological advancements lead to the later development of Anaphora of Theodore and Nestorius.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 14.0pt;">Evolution of the Liturgy in the East Syriac Church was also influenced by the Western Churches. Even reading the gospel during the Liturgy was of Roman tradition<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> that the Church of the East adopted in AD 411-435 during the time of Bishop Rabulla of Edessa<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Until then, Dietassaron (Harmony of Gospels) was used in the liturgy. Dietassaron was written by Tatian<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Tatian was a Mesopotamian but went to Rome and was a pupil of Justin the Martyr. Tatian returned to Mesopotamia after the death of Justin with a copy of the Harmony of Gospels and translated that into Syriac with the name Dietassaron<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. This was read in the liturgy. It was Bishop Rabulla who suppressed the use of Dietassaron in the Liturgy and substituted a revision of the Old Syriac canonical Gospels.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Even the Diatessaron itself was a translation of Harmony of Gospels that originated in Rome.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 14.0pt;">The common hymn in our Eucharistic Liturgy and the Liturgy of hours, Onitsa d' Basalique originated in the Roman Empire. It was the hymn sung when the Emperor Constantine arrived for the evening prayers. The word for King in Greek is Baselius, the hymn sung in honour of the King became Onitsa d' Basalique in Syriac. This hymn was retained with a different meaning in honour of the Cross with the procession of the Cross by Patriarch Iso Yahb.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 14.0pt;">Thus, even though Champakulam Church is of East Syriac tradition and spirituality, it is quite right and very appropriate to get a recognition from the Roman Church. This is an occasion to rejoice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Basilica means a large and important church. The Latin word Basilica is a Greek loan word. The word Basilica means a Kingly architecture. In the past, in Rome, Basilicas were large buildings built for Royal business like meetings and administration of law. These were civic centres for every major city in the Roman Empire. A Roman Basilica is a large hall with two rows of columns with a high central part and a lower isle on either sides. This architecture is called basilica in that sense. When Emperor Constantine legalised Christianity as a Royal religion, early Christian Churches were built in the architecture of basilicas. In Rome, there are four Major Basilicas. They are Saint Peters Basilica, John Lateran Basilica, Basilica Maria Maggiore and Basilica of Saint Paul outside the walls. These four Basilcas have a throne for the Pope and altar specially designed for the Pope to celebrate the Eucharistic Liturgy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Other Minor Basilicas are honorific titles given to an important church by the Popes. These are for making a strong bong with the church and community to the Pope of Rome.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There are 23 Minor Basilcas in India. These titles are given on the basis of the historic importance, religious importance like connection with some saints and martyrs or relics or certain signs or miracles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In a local Church or diocese, the Cathedral Church has more importance. So Basilicas are inferior to the Cathedral Churches<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. These are honorific titles given by the Pope like Monsignor etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Forane Church is also such an honorific title. In Roman Catholic Church, priest is given honorific title Forane Vicar with some limited jurisdictional authorities. The church occupied by a Vicar Forane is called Forane Church. But in Syro Malabar Church, due to ignorance or certain other reasons at the time of the restoration of the hierarchy, a diocese was divided into different Foranes as local provinces.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Importance of Champakualm Church<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Champakulam Church is a very ancient and historically important Church of the Catholic Saint Thomas Christians. It always remained in the Catholic communion even in the midst of different schisms and types of strife, in a very volatile religio-political situation of Thomas Christians in the 16th to 19th centuries. Champakulam Church had a pivotal role in the ecumenical efforts of the Thomas Christian community under the leadership of Paremmakkal Thomman Cathanar. The saintly martyr of Nasranis, Ikkakko Cathanar was from Champakulam. Champakulam Church witnessed the resistance towards the unlawful invasion into the particular law and traditions by the European Missionaries. This resistance manifested in the form of strong defiance and opposition of Ikkakko Cathanar and the community towards spiritual colonisation and expression of racism by some foreign Missionaries<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. The Church had an exemplary history of religious harmony with the rest of the community which could be viewed as a real witness of Christian faith to other communities that even a King of Champakasserry is said to have considered getting himself converted to Christianity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Thus, Champakulam Church has all the rights to be recognised as a Basilica.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 14.0pt;">Responsibilities<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 14.0pt;"> New opportunity to witness the East Syriac traditions and Spirituality<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Church has the responsibility today to uphold her rich traditions and spirituality especially when the Church is in the global milieu today. As we live in the modern society and in a global highlight, the Church has the responsibility to imbibe the good from elsewhere and to recapture the rich spirituality and traditions that are lost. </span><span style="border: 1pt none; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Restoration of traditional Feasts<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> This is an appropriate time to think about reviving the ancient feasts held in Champakulam Church like the <i>Moonnu Noyambu Perunnaal</i> - the Three day fast, also known as the Rogation of the Ninivites. This was a very popular celebration in many ancient Thomas Christian Churches like Champakulam, Edappalli, Alengadu and so on, according to ancient documents. Kuravilangadu and Kaduthuruthy are the only Churches that celebrate this feast today. There is clear documentation about help and support from the Kings of Champakasserry for the <i>Moonnu Noyambu Perunnaal</i> of Champakulam Church. This has to be revived in the Basilica. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Recognition of Ikkakko cathanar<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ikkakko Cathanar's martyrdom for the particular law of the local church and the traditions should be commemorated appropriately. Ikkakko Cathanar was a saintly person. He stood firmly for the particular law of the community like the traditions and protocols in relation to feasts and religious celebrations. He also stood for protection of the temporal aspects as well. He was falsely accused of stealing a monstrance by the European Padres as a revenge because Ikkako Cathanaar was instrumental in preventing the European Padres and accompanying people from taking with them valuable objects from the Champakualm Church and to invade into the local traditions. He was put in custody illegally by the foreign Missionaries without food and even denied sacraments revealing the inhuman behaviour of certain foreign Missionaries. Ikkakko Cathanar died in custody under torture. He was in severe mental pain and was in repentance and prayers in his last days that he even requested the Padres for sacraments. This is enough for us to believe that he earned a place in the heaven during his time under torture. He was a martyr for his Apostolic Church. It is the duty of the local Church to initiate the process of canonisation of this martyr. A 'shraddam' (memorial day) should be celebrated in the Basilica every year along with a pilgrimage to his supposed tomb at Verapuzha. An appropriate monument could also be erected in the Basilica.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Liturgical Architecture in par with the Spirituality<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is a responsibility of a Basilica to be a model for the spiritual life, worship and traditions of the local Church<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_edn18" name="_ednref18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. To uphold the spirituality and traditions, the liturgical space could be rearranged in the Basilica to create a well-defined bema within the Hykkala with ample space and facilities for regular Liturgical processions within the Church according to the liturgical and architectural prescriptions of the East Syriac traditions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Formation of the faithful<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Basilica has a responsibility to facilitate the East Syriac spirituality to the next generation to protect and preserve the local church. A theological institute to promote the spirituality and traditions could be organised with facility to teach Syriac language, liturgical traditions and east Syriac spirituality. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We hope the authorities and the local Christian community will consider these seriously and treat it as an urgent matter as the Basilica has a responsibility now to witness the rich traditions and spirituality of this local community in the Universal Church.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Credits </b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><br /></b></span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thanks to Mr Mathew Mailaparampil for reviewing the paper and valuable comments and opinions.</span></div>
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<b>References</b></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Wilhem Baum, Dietmar Winkler, Church of the East, a Concise History, pp16-17 Synod of Isaac in 410 was held at Selucia and was attended by Bishop Marutha of Mipherkat. and the Synod of Yahballaha in AD 420 was attended by Akakios of Amid as representatives of the Roman Church.(Churches of the Roman Empire.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Wilhem Baum and Dietmar Winkler, Church of the East, a concise History, p19. The Synod of Markabta rejected the right to appeal to the Fathers of the west in disputes. No western Bishop was present in this synod unlike the previous synods of Isaac in 410 or 420. Autonomy was established in the Synod of Isaac in 410 but auto cephalus nature was declared only in 424.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Adrian Fortesque, Lesser Eastern Churches, p 84</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Adrian Fortesque, Lesser Eastern Churches, p 54</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> John Thoppil, Christology in the East Syrian Tradition, in Pauly Maniyattu, (Ed.)<i>East Syrian Theology, an introduction</i>, p174.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="background: white;">John Thoppil,Christology in the East Syrian Tradition, in Pauly Maniyattu, (Ed.)<i>East Syrian Theology, an Introduction</i>, pp161-162</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Wigram, An introduction to the history of Assyrian Church, p97<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Placid Podipara, The Church of Seleucia and its Catholic Roman Communion, in Thomas Kalayil. C M I, (Ed.)<i>Collected Works of Rev Dr Placid J Podipara, CMI vol 1</i> San Jos Publications, Mannanam, Kottayam p 110 citing De Quatuor Patriarchis , Codex Vatican Syriac 43 p 101 Also it is written 'Such is likewise the power of the Patriarch of Rome over all Patriarchs as that of the Blessed Peter is over the whole community.For he who resides in Rome in the place of Peter has the guardianship of the Universal Church.And if anyone should refuse to obey these ecumenical synods let him be anathema.' in the Synod of Isho yahb 650-660.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Placid Podipara, The Church of Selucia and its Catholic Roman Communion, in Thomas Kalayil C M I, (Ed.) <i>Collected Works of Rev Dr Placid J Podipara, CMI vol 1</i> San Jos Publications, mannanam, Kottayam p 112. Timothy wrote in a letter to Maran Zacha, bishop of Niniveh '....because of the Apostle Peter, the first and the chief rank is preserved in Rome....</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> F C Burkit, Christian Church in the East p 494. The four gospels became sacrosanct at least in Rome by AD 150.</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> L W Barnard, Origins and Emergence of the Church of Edessa in the first two centuries AD, <span style="background: white; color: #222222;">Vigiliae Christianae 22 (1968) 161-175; North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam p169</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> F C Burkit, Christian Church in the East, pp 494-496. The four gospels were considered sacro sanct in Rome by at least AD 150. As the latin speaking christians increased in number, there was a need for trnaslating the gospels to Latin. <span style="color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">It was considered that translating the original gospels from Greek would result in loss of special value of the inspired words. Hence a compendium of four canonical Gospels was composed- Harmony of Gospels.</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> F C Burkit, Dura fragment of Tatian, The Journal of Theological studies, pp 255-259</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> L W Barnard, Origins and Emergence of the Church of Edessa in the first two centuries AD, <span style="background: white; color: #222222;">Vigiliae Christianae 22 (1968) 161-175; North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam p169</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_ednref15" name="_edn15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">Charles Pyngott CMI, The Cross: Its place in the Hudra and its Sign in Baptism and Eucharist, Doctoral Dissertation submitted to Pontifical oriental Institute, Rome, 1971, p66)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Antony Kollamparampil, Basilica Ennaal Enthu , (article in Malayalam) language, The Deepika Daily News paper, Kottayam, Nov 27, 2016</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/2016/Champakkulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basalique/Final%20papers/Word%202003%20format/Champakulam%20Kalloorkkadu%20Marth%20Maryam%20Basilica%20a%20jewel%20of%20the%20Universal%20Church-11%20Feb%202017-blog.docx#_ednref17" name="_edn17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Ill treatment of the Syrian Priests by the European Missionaries are well documented .The Syrian Priests were not allowed to sit before European Missionaries of sit with them at Dinner. Abraham M Nidhiri, Father Nidhiri, A history of his time, p100. Angamaly padiyola also narrates the ill treatments suffered from Nasrani community by the Missionaries.</div>
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Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-54835623211403845422016-10-25T21:56:00.001+01:002016-10-26T21:20:42.426+01:00Revival of the Syriac language in worship from the grass root level : a new model of liturgical reformation in the Syro Malabar Church.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dr. M Thomas Antony</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Introduction.</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kerala, the south Indian state on the Malabar coast of India is known
as the cradle of Christianity in India. Saint
Thomas Christians of India are one of the most ancient Christian communities in
the world. The ancient Christianity of
Kerala was founded by Saint Thomas the Apostle, who is considered the Father of
Syriac Christianity<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Along with the Churches
of Edessa, Seleucia Ctesiphon and Fars, the Church in India also used Syriac
Aramaic as the language of worship. It was in the East Syriac dialect of Syriac
Aramaic that the worship and spirituality developed in these regions. Hence, it
is called the East Syriac rite.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is highly likely that the early Christianity in India developed
in the Syriac rite. The abundance of loan Syriac words in South Indian
languages like Tamil and Malayalam, and the lack of local ecclesiastical words
in these languages point towards a Syriac origin. The Tamil word for the cross -Siluvai-
a corrupted pronunciation of Sliva is the best example. If the origin was in a
South Indian language, such ecclesiastical words would have developed in the
local languages. There is a lot of evidence to show that traders from Mesopotamia
settled in the Malabar coast as early as the 10 century BC<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and we could assume that the Apostle Thomas came in search of them. Recent
excavations in "Pattanam" also support this theory<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Western colonial Missionary Enterprise and the
Saint Thomas Christians.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In AD 1498, Vasco Da Gama,
the Portuguese traveller arrived in Kerala. Following the traders and soldiers,
Missionaries also arrived to India. They started with a friendly phase<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
with the local native Christians but later began to subjugate them. The
Portuguese Roman Catholic Missionaries used all their might to subjugate the native
Syriac Christians and to convert them to Roman Catholicism of the Latin
tradition. The Synod of Diamper in AD 1599 gave an accelerated framework for suppressing the Syriac tradition and
promoting latinisations.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn5" title="">[5]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn5" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This caused revolts and
divisions. On January 3<sup>rd</sup>, 1653, almost the entire community of native
Saint Thomas Christians took an oath called the Coonan Cross Oath at
Mattancherry and declared that they would not have any relation with the Jesuit
Roman Catholic Missionaries<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
This great revolt stunned the Roman Catholic Church. Subsequent interventions
by Rome<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
to pacify the situation and certain religio<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
political<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
circumstances lead to the majority of Saint Thomas Christian returning under the Portuguese Padruado rule. A section
of the community evolved into an independent local church which later joined
the West Syriac Church of Antioch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Those Saint Thomas
Christians who returned under the Portuguese
Padroado rule, however, did not want to leave their age old Syriac tradition and worship. They
always proclaimed that from time immemorial, their forefathers worshipped in
the Syro Chaldean <a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and they even considered themselves as a community of Chaldeo- Syriac or even
as a race or in the contemporary socio cultural milieu, as a caste of Chaldeo- Syriac,
though they were ethnically South Indian. One of the fierce fighters for the Syriac
tradition, Palakkunnel Mathai Mariyam Cathanaar even wrote in 1876 in his diary
that "my blood is Syro Chaldean".!<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">By prohibiting the Bishops from Babylon from
arriving to Kerala using political power and appointing Latin Bishops from
Europe, the Portuguese Missionaries tried to undermine the Syriac language and
tradition and started Latinising the Syrian Church, but the native Christians
resisted and fought for the independence and self administration of the Church<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
The Missionaries had to learn the Syriac language to win over the native
Christians. Archbishop Ros who was the first Latin Prelate who ruled the
undivided Saint Thomas Christians in the
immediate post Diamper period was very proficient in the Syriac language and
was able to celebrate the Liturgy in Syriac<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
The Missionaries had to translate the Latin elements into Syriac language to
make those changes acceptable to the Thomas Christians<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Archbishop Ros in 1619 wrote to the Jesuite General that 'the Serra<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
(Malankara/Malabar) must be kept in its Chaldean form<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>'.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The missionaries set up a
few Seminaries in Kerala at various time periods and trained Thomas Christians
students in Latin theology<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
They also sent several youngsters from the Saint Thomas Christian
community to Rome to undergo training in
the Latin rite so that they can return and train the native students.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn18" name="_ednref18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
But the community as a whole was very unhappy and distressed with these
and they even refused to accept those
Thomas Christian Priests who were trained in Latin seminaries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There were several attempts
from the Catholic Syro Chaldean Rite Saint Thomas Christians to recapture the
Syriac traditions by reconnecting with the Church in the Babylon of the
Catholic Chaldaic rite. The visits of Mar Simon of Ada in 1701
from the Patriarchate of the Chaldeans and also
Mar Gabriel in 1705 from Babylon
were the results of these attempts. Delegations were sent to the Patriarchate
of Chaldeans to fetch Bishops that resulted in consecration of Paulose Pandari
who was one of the members of the delegation from Malabar in February 1798,<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn19" name="_ednref19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
appointments of Mar Thomas Rokos in 1861 and Mar Elia Melus in 1874 from the Patriarchate of
Chaldeans as Patriarchal visitors to Malabar were also results of these attempts.
All these failed due to the resistance and heavy handedness of the Missionaries
but resulted in Rome thinking seriously to create a hierarchy<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn20" name="_ednref20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
for the Thomas Christians to protect their rite and age old customs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Church under the Native Bishops.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">These efforts of Latinisation
by the Missionaries became successful only when the Catholic Saint Thomas
Christians came under the native prelates in AD 1896. This was achieved by the
Missionaries by training the native priests and providing strict Latin formation
for a generation of clergy and promoting only the strongly latinised clergy to
Episcopacy. When the Thomas Christians were under the European Prelates, their
clergy and the faithful were united together to fight for the preservation of
the Syriac language and for protecting the identity and independence of the
Church. Still, even after the Latinisation by the native Prelates, the Liturgy
was celebrated in Syriac language with some added Latin elements translated
into Syriac. The native Priests were well proficient in Syriac language and
they even were able to read the Gospel in Syriac and translated live to Malayalam
for the ordinary faithful<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn21" name="_ednref21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
The native Bishops even asked Rome to translate the order of Episcopal
Consecration of Roman rite into Syriac language for use in Syro Malabar Church<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn22" name="_ednref22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
This could be because such a text was not available as manuscripts and there
wasn't any contact with the Church in Babylon. There was also a fear of
Chaldean jurisdiction from the part of the hierarchy, if the Church adopted the
Chaldean Syriac liturgy.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn23" title="">[23]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn23" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Roman Curia, by this time, recognised the existence of Eastern
Churches and started thinking about preserving them rather than Latinising
them. Pope Benedict XV erected the Sacred Congregation for the Oriental
Churches in AD 1917 suppressing the oriental section of the Propaganda Fide and
all Eastern Churches were placed under the authority of the congregation.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn24" name="_ednref24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Their intention was to correct the mistakes of the past and to de-latinise the
Eastern Churches. The Roman Pontiffs advised the Syro Malabar Church to turn
away from Latinisations and to recapture the lost and preserve its Syriac tradition, but the
leadership became strongly Latinised by then and a section in the hierarchy
resisted, refused to proclaim the historical Syriac nature of the Church. But
ordinary clergy and the faithful kept their fond memories of the glorious Syriac
past. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Vernacularisation of Liturgy
and decline of Syriac language.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">All denominations of the Syriac Churches of Malabar used some form
of Syriac Aramaic as the language of worship until they vernacularised their
liturgy in the early 1960s<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn25" name="_ednref25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Since then, there has been a rapid decline in the use of Syriac language and
even seminaries did not teach Syriac properly. The Latinised Hierarchy even
tried to introduce new ecclesiastical terms in the Malayalam language replacing
the commonly used age old, loan Syriac words such as Qurbana, Mamodeesa, Opp
roosma, Sleeha, Sleeva, Nivia, Sahada, Anneeda, Qabar, Isho, Misiha, etc. Even the Latin Church in Kerala also uses such
Syriac ecclesiastical words today. It is very interesting to see the use of Latin terms like Ladinj, vespara,
kompiriya, laithoran, kaplon etc. in the pomp notices of the feasts of Syro
Malabar parishes while taking meticulous care in omitting the common ecclesial Syriac
terms which are popular.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">With vernacularisation of
Liturgy, the Syriac language and chants faded away from the Church life. On
rare occasions like funeral of the rich and prestigious, Holy Raza in Syriac
was celebrated in the early period after transition to Malayalam language. In a
few years, Syriac language disappeared from the spiritual life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The so called Indianisation
and Inculturation- Apoptotic pathway.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Syro Malabar Church, lost its identity due to the strict
Latinisation and Latin formation of the Clergy and became an off shoot of the
Latin Church. Fr Hambye SJ wrote<i>, <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">"More than any other
Eastern Churches in communion with Rome, the Syro Malabar Church had almost
entirely lost its basic character as an Oriental reality. That loss affected
not only the Liturgy, but also the spirituality, theology and law. Its own
people hardly knew that they were oriental. After having been told during so
many centuries, that everything oriental
was wrong, backward, unworthy of Catholics,
one wonders how some clergy and
laity could still hope for a
restoration.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">"<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn26" title="">[26]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn26" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When the Catholic Syriac Bishops were given titles like Cardinal,
the hierarchy competed with each other for further latinisations. There was
also an attempt to make a single rite
for India by the so called Indianisation and
inculturation and to merge with the Latin rite of India, once they also are sufficiently Indianised to create an Indian
rite.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
But Rome strongly discouraged it. These attempts were observed by the Sacred
Congregation for the Divine Liturgy as "abusive Indianisations" and
were prohibited by a letter to Cardinal Joseph Parecattil on 14/06/1975<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn28" name="_ednref28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.In
another letter, The Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Churches on 19 June
1978 strictly prohibits the use of "Short Mass" and "Indian
Mass" and commented that 'arbitrary innovations or such as are
incompatible with sound and genuine tradition are not to be indulged in<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn29" name="_ednref29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>'.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Even when the Liturgy was
translated to Malayalam, most of the chants were beautifully translated with
the same old tunes, thanks to Fr Abel Periappuram. He translated many Syriac
chants to Malayalam in the same tune which was used in the liturgy. When the
Hierarchy went after ideas of modernisation and Indianisation with an aim of unification with the Latin rite
of Kerala, some of these chants were replaced with popular music tunes and
Karnatic music 'ragas' and 'talas' but
the services for the dead remained unchanged with old syriac tunes.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn30" name="_ednref30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Thus, instead of the ancient Syriac tunes, new and modern tunes were introduced
and many new songs were written with no connection with the Liturgy or
theology, for use in the Holy Qurbana, forgetting the fact that Liturgical
chants are actually Liturgical prayers sung in a chant form. This resulted in
severe anarchy and the Celebration of Holy Qurbana lost its liturgical and
theological discipline. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">During the process of
vernacularisation, there was a systematic attempt to replace the Syriac chant
tradition with popular music. The Hierarchy even hired a Karnatic Musician K K
Antony master to work with Fr Abel Periappuram and produced a number of hymns
for liturgical and para liturgical purposes<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn31" name="_ednref31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
that can be used commonly for the Latin rite and the Syro Malabar Church.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Later, Syro Malabar Church
was elevated into a Sui iuris Church with a Major Archi Episcopal status and
related autonomy and synod but the hierarchy by this time forgotten the Glory
of the Syriac past and became 'Zero Malabar' !. But still the faithful and the older clergy fondly remembers the Syriac
chants and tunes. Even though the Synod erected a Liturgical Research Centre to
promote and preserve the ancient
traditions, there was no serious attempt to reintroduce Syriac elements in the
worship, but there are initiatives to invent new anaphora in the name of
Indianisation and inculturation and modernisation but with an intention of
merely imitating the Latin Church.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Attempts for
the revival of Syriac traditions.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rev Dr Placid Podipara, a
holy luminary of Saint Thomas Christians of India<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn32" name="_ednref32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and the father of Modern Syro Malabar Church<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn33" name="_ednref33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
was one of the initial and a major catalyst for the revival of the Syriac
heritage in Syro Malabar Church. With his research and scholarship, Fr Placid was
the moving force behind the restoration of the Liturgy and Pontificals of the Syro
Malabar Church to its genuine purity from the mutilated and Latinised state. He worked for the genuine rights of the Syro
Malabar Church and dreamed the Church raising into the Glory of its own Patriarch or Major Archbishop as the Father
and Head with the ancient title of the Metropolitan and Gate of All India.
Saint Thomas Apostolic Seminary at Vadavathoor,
Kottayam was founded to foster the oriental traditions and spirituality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When Cardinal Eugene
Tisserant was the Secretary, the Sacred Congregation
for the Oriental Churches took initiatives to restore the Holy Eucharistic
Liturgy and the Liturgy of Hours to the pre Latinised status. Cardinal
Tisserant visited Kerala and Pope Pius XII in 1954 erected a commission for
editing the Liturgical texts of Syro Malabar Church to its original purity. In
1959-60, the Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Churches published the Ordo
Celebrationis Qudasa and the Supplimentum Mysteriorum comprising official text
for the three ancient Anaphorae used in Malabar namely Anaphora of Mar Addai
and Mari, Anaphora of Theodore of Mopseustia and the Anaphora of Nestorius
which were already approved by Pope Pius XII on June 26, 1957.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn34" name="_ednref34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The Latinised Syro Malabar Hierarchy had lot of disagreements to this but they
officially published the simpler form of this text in Syriac and Malayalam on
the July 3rd of 1962. The Hierarchy, in line with the Decrees of the second
Vatican Council, initiated a revision and in 1968, a revised text was published
on which eminent Liturgist J Madey commented that they were mere adaptations of
the Roman Rite Mass<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn35" name="_ednref35" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In 1986, the Holy Raza of the Syro Malabar Church was restored and Saint Pope
John Paul II officially introduced it by celebrating the Holy Raza in Kerala on
the 8th of February 1986 at Kottayam during his Pontifical visit to India. The
restored Raza restored many of the ancient Syriac chants and tunes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As part of the restoration
of Liturgy, the Liturgy of hours were restored and were translated into
Malayalam in the 1990s . The Syriac chants for the Liturgy of hours were
translated to Malayalam and a CD was released for the use of the religious
community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">New model of reformation- Revival of Syriac
chants from the grass root level.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Now, a new model of reformation
is happening in the Church where, common people and priests are reviving and promoting the old Syriac tradition and the Eucharistic
Liturgy in the Syriac language is increasingly getting popular. Also, Syriac
chants are being incorporated in the vernacularised Liturgy without any official orders from the hierarchy. This
is due to the interest of a few clergy and older
generation of people who lived through the transition of Liturgy from
Syriac to vernacular still hold the fond memories of it. If this movement is
not promoted, it will be lost forever as the
younger generation will not have any experience of the Syriac Aramaic
worship.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Efforts of Rev Dr Joseph Palackal and
Christian Musicological Society of India and the Aramaic project.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rev Dr Joseph Palackal, a
renowned musician Priest and founder of Christian Musicological Society of
India who, as a part of his Doctoral thesis in Musicology, started research on
the Syriac chants and melodies among Saint Thomas Christians and released a CD
with the title Qambel Maran in 2002 with 29 ancient Syriac chants prevalent
among the Catholic Syriac Christians of Kerala, the Syro Malabar Church. A
celebration of the Eucharistic Liturgy of Syro Malabar Church was also recorded
by the Christian Musicological Society, sung by Rev Fr George Plathottam of the
Eparchy of Palai in 2006. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rev Dr Palackal went further
with his research and founded the Aramaic Project to research, preserve and
revive the Syriac Aramaic tradition in worship. His researches into the grass
root level revealed a surprisingly large mass of people still keeping their
fond memories of their childhood with Syriac Aramaic worship. Fr Palackal has
made a large number of video recordings of interviews with people of different
strata of life like Priests, Nuns, common faithful, choir members and so on about
the Syriac traditions and syriac chants.
Of note are, a retired faithful laity Mr Sebastian Menacherry remembers
many rare ancient syriac chants from his childhood. He even remembers some chants
that were sung only once a year, like Palm sunday celebrations in Syro Malabar
Church<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn36" name="_ednref36" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Another ordinary house wife who was born and bought up at Truppunithura, in
another recording sings Syriac chants from her memory from childhood. These
show that the chant tradition, its melodies and sounds are still a sentiment in
the minds of ordinary faithful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">These are available at the
webpage of Christian Musicological Society of India .</span><a href="http://thecmsindia.in/"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://thecmsindia.in/</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> and the Aramaic Project </span><a href="http://thecmsindia.in/index.php/aramaic-project"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://thecmsindia.in/index.php/aramaic-project</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rev Fr George Plathottam.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rev Fr George Plathottam was
a Syriac teacher at the Minor seminary at Palai. Fr Plathottam was one among
the senior priests who used to celebrate Holy Qurbana in the Syriac language. A
video recording of the celebration of Holy Qurbana in Syriac was made by the
Christian Musicological Society in 2006. An audio recording of the Holy Qurbana
in Syriac was then released by Rev Fr
Plathottam in 2006 which became very popular among the common people due its
beauty and richness. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Since then, a raised
interest in Syriac worship evolved among a few Clergy and regular celebration
of the Holy Eucharistic Liturgy in Syriac began in certain Churches like the
Marth Mariam Church at Kuravilangadu. Priests like late Rev Fr George
Plathottam, Rev Fr Sebastian Sankoorickal of the Arch Eparchy of Ernaculam,
Narivelil Mathai cathanaar of the Eparchy of Palai, Fr Jose P Kottaram of the Arch Eparchy of
Changanacherry, Rev Fr Jacob Vellian of the Arch Eparchy of Kottayam are few of them. This has inspired the younger
generation priests also to learn the Syriac language. The Eparchy of
Kanjirappalli has started using Syriac chants in the celebration of Holy
Qurbana on all feasts and special occasions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dayara Movement and Syriac schools- Koonammakkal
Thoma Cathanaar and Rev Dr Xavier Koodapuzha.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A few dedicated learned
Clergy like Rev Dr Thomas Koonammakkal and Rev Dr Xavier Koodapuzha founded
dayaras to revive the monastic tradition of Syro Malabar Church and started
Syriac Schools to teach the language and
spirituality to the ordinary faithful. The
Beth Aprem Nasrani Dayara at Kuravilangadu
was founded by Koonamaakkal Thoma Cathanaar. This could be considered as the
revival of the ancient Monastery of Kuravilangadu founded by Mar Younan, the
East Syrian Monk who arrived in AD 903. At Beth Aprem Nasrani dayara, all the worship
are in Syriac language. There is regular Syriac teaching every Sunday and
regular full day seminar on East Syriac Spirituality and Nasrani history on the
second Saturday of every month, both are attracted by many interested common
people. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rev Dr Xavier Koodapuzha has
founded a Mar Thoma Sleeha dayara at Nallathanni near Mundakkayam where genuine
East Syriac spirituality is practiced and transferred to ordinary people. A
faith community also has evolved at Tharakanattukunnu at Chenappady affiliated to Mar Thoma Sleeha dayara where
regular Syriac study and faith formation are facilitated<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn37" name="_ednref37" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Beth Thoma dayara is a
monastery for women at Palamattom, Changanacherry, founded by Archbishop Joseph
Powathil and Rev Dr Varghese Pathikulangara. They teach Syriac language and
prayers and all the prayers are in syriac language.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mar Sliva dayara at Adoor is
another centre evolved to facilitate syriac studies. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://marsleevadayra.org/">http://marsleevadayra.org/</a></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">At Thalayolaprambu in the
Arch Eparchy of Ernakulam, with the initiatives of the local Parish Priest and
common faithful, Syriac language is taught on a regular basis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Among the migrants, there is
a community of Syro Malabar youth in Bangalore who assemble regularly to
celebrate the Liturgy of hours and to learn Syriac language regularly. Rev Dr
Varghese Pathikulangara CMI and Rev Dr Thomas Kalayil CMI support them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There are a few more faith
formation centres and Syriac schools evolved now in various parts of Kerala and
a number of faithful are learning the language and to revive the Syriac Aramaic
worship in Syro Malabar Church.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is wonderful that this is
a real Liturgical reform from the Grass root level, the ordinary faithful and
some clergy to revive the ancient language and worship in a situation where the
real Syriac speaking communities and Churches are persecuted in the Middle east
and are in a plight for their life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Syriac revival in the Arch Eparchy of
Ernakulam.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Arch Eparchy of Ernakulam is
well known for the fact that there is a lobby of clergy who are very strongly
latinised and keenly imitate and promote Latin practices forgetting the
authentic identity and traditions of the
Church of Saint Thomas Christians. It is very interesting to note that in such
an Eparchy, there are many parishes where the ordinary faithful still preserve
their age old Syriac chants and traditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> At Saint Mary's Church at Palluruthy, also
known as Suriyani Palli, the ancient Syriac Chant Beda d' yawman was sung
regularly on their feast day for several years. The Choir master Baby
Anamthuruthil has now trained the younger generation there to sing this chant<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn38" name="_ednref38" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">At Saint Joseph's Church
Kadavanthara, Rev Fr Thomas Perumayan took special interest to teach a few
Syriac chants to the catechism students and regularly sings Lacu Mara, kandisa
Alaha etc on the Holy Qurbana on Sundays for the Catechism students<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn39" name="_ednref39" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Initiatives from the Church</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mar Thoma Vidyanikethan in the Arch Eparchy of Changanacherry is
an Institute for Oriental Theolgical studies for the lay faithful. There are
similar initiatives from the Eparchy of Palai and Eparchy of Kanjirappalli.
Recently, with the interest of a few Priests in the Eparchy of Kanjirappalli, Nazrani
Research Centre<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn40" name="_ednref40" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> was founded to facilitate
studies in Syriac language and
Liturgical music, Liturgical
catechesis, Library and research centre and a Retreat centre based on the
Liturgical Spirituality of Syro Malabar Church.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Now, the Liturgical Research Centre of the Holy Synod of Syro
Malabar Church has also initiated with Mar Valah Syriac Academy to promote
Syriac language and conduct Syriac study camps.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn41" title="">[41]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn41" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Developments among migrant communities.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Migrant Syro Malabar
communites are also not different. In North America, in many places, there is
an elevated interest to learn the Syriac chants. At the <span style="background: white; color: #333333;">Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate
Conception, Washington, D. C. (</span></span><a href="http://nationalshrine.com/" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; border: none 1.0pt; color: #167ac6; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0cm;">http://nationalshrine.com</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">) during
the Sixteenth Annual Pilgrimage to our
Lady of Good Health, Annai Velankanni, organized by the Indian American
Catholic Association (IACA), on 7 September 2013, in a Holy Eucharistic Liturgy of the Syro Malabar Church in English
language celebrated by the Father and head of Syro Malabar Church, Major
Archbishop Giwargis Alencherry with
Donald Cardinal Wuerl and Bishop
Jacob Angadiath, incorporated many Syriac chants. The Holy Qurbana begun with
the chant Pukdanacon<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn42" name="_ednref42" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rev Dr Joseph Palackal,
during his visit to the UK in 2015 celebrated the English version of the Holy
Eucharistic Liturgy of Syro Malabar Church with Syriac chants incorporated at
the Festival of Eastern Catholic Churches organised by the Society of Saint
John Chrysostom at the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Cathedral at Central London on
the 1st August 2015<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_edn43" name="_ednref43" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> and the celebration of Syro Malabar day at
Warrington near Liverpool . These attracted many English Catholics and even a
local Choir member at Warrington, Ann
learned the syriac chants and lead the choir during the Celebration of
the Syro Malabar Day at Warrington on 26 July 2015. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 115%;">Festival of Eastern Catholic Churches, Society of saint John Chrysostom, London, 31 August 2015</span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 115%;">Syro Malabar Day, Warrington, 26 August 2015</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rev Dr Lonappan
Arangasserry, the Syro Malabar Chaplain of the Shrewsbury- Manchester
Birkenhead area, part of the new Syro Malabar Eparchy of Great Britain has
taken initiatives to include syriac chants in the Holy Qurbana on Sundays. During
the recent Consecration ceremony of Mar Joseph Srampikkal, the first Bishop of
the Eparchy of Great Britain, Laku Mara, kandisa Alaha etc were sung in Syriac.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This has gone to a stage
that this Syriac revival influencing even the Malayalam film industry that
in a recent Malayalam language movie
called 'Appavum Veenjum', the title song itself is the syriac chant 'Avun D’vashmayya',
the Lord's prayer in Syriac Aramaic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is both noteworthy and wonderful that this Liturgical reformation and
restoration of identity did not come from the hierarchy or the Liturgical
Research Centre (LRC), but from the grass root level, and from ordinary people
who still keep their fond memories of Syriac and a few interested priests. This
is really a liturgical reformation from the grass root level through the revival
of Syriac language and worship.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Credits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Thanks to Rev Dr Joseph
Palackal and The Christian Musicological Society for permission to use the video recordings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Thanks to Mr Mathew
Mailapparampil for reviewing the paper,
opinions and language corrections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">( An abridged version of
this paper was presented in the XII Symposium Syriacum & Congresso
Internazionale Di Studi Arabo-Cristiani organised by The Pontifical Oriental
Institute in Rome on 19 August 2016 along with screening of a short film produced by the Aramaic Project
of the Christian Musicological Society of India. See the picture and the link
to the short film below.)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nnG9DbEbLH0/WBD8UzyFN7I/AAAAAAAALlE/7utRiklfVyYoxyjfUqEwYpxsNP01KfM-wCLcB/s1600/20160819_115939.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nnG9DbEbLH0/WBD8UzyFN7I/AAAAAAAALlE/7utRiklfVyYoxyjfUqEwYpxsNP01KfM-wCLcB/s320/20160819_115939.jpg" width="180" /></a></div>
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<div>
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
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<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Syriac Christianity
evolved in and around Edessa. Saint Thomas founded Churches in Persia and
India, Mar Addai, a disciple of Apostle Thomas founded Church in Edessa, Mar Mari,
a disciple of Addai founded Church is Seleucia. Thus, Churches in Eddessa, Persia, India and Seleucia became Thomasine Churches. All the Syriac
Churches evolved from Thomasine Churches., even the Syriac Orthodox of the
Antiochien Rite and the Maronites. Syriac Orthodox and Maronites became Ephesan
Churches while Seleucia Ctesiphone became Anti Ephesian. Maronits always held
the Syriac rite, but the Syriac Orthodox had to change their liturgy and to adopt
a syriac translation of the Antiochien Liturgy of Saint James. ( Paul
Bradshaw, Maxwell E Johnson, Eucharistic Liturgies: Their evolution and
interpretation, Liturgical press p 166 explains the similarities of the Liturgy
of Addai and Mari to that of the Maronite Liturgy raising the argument that
these have a common origin. Also, the Syriac Orthodox translation of Saint
James liturgy.</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Rev Dr Thomas
Koonamaakkal, Judeo Christian and Patristic roots of Saint Thomas Christians, </div>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> J Cherian, Pattanam
excavations and explorations 2007 &2008; an overview, Space, Time, Place,
Third International conference on remote sensing in Archaeology, Ed Stephano
Campana,Maurizio Fotre, Claudia Liuzza,BAR international series 2118, 2010, pp
269-74.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> George Schurhammer, The
three letters of Mar Jacob, the Bishop of Malabar 1503-1550, Gregorianum, vol 14 No 1 1933,
pp62-84</div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
Letter is kept in B V., Codex vatic. fondo siriaco 204, ff 154-160 cited by
bFr Dr Varghese Puthusserry, Reunion efforts of Saint Thomas Christians of India
1750-1773) 2008, Mary matha
Publications,Thrissur, p 9 foot note 34</div>
</div>
<div id="edn5">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Fr Dr Varghese
Puthusserry, ... opus cit p 10</div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
The synod of Diamper, Dr George Madathikandam, in Mar Thoma Margam, Ed Andrews
Mekattukunnel,2012 Vadavathoor Kottayam p794-798</div>
</div>
<div id="edn6">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The oath was rejecting
Archbishop Garcia and the Jesuites. The contemporary accounts show that the
meanifesto issued and exposed in public stated that the Nasranis rejected Garcia and the Jesuites
because they disobeyed the Pope and removed their Patriarch sent by the Pope
from them.( Joseph Thekkedath, History of Christianity in India Vol 2 p 93
citing ARSI Goa vol 68-I, f.102:Sommaria Relacao da Christandade de Serra. Also
f225:Garcia's letter to Fr Hyacinth of Saint Vncent.. Also Historical
Archives of Goa, Livro das Moncoes vol
25, f 120) The Cathanaars and the people wrote to the Captain of Cochin later
expressing their willingness to accept any other eeligious sent by the Pope as
their Prelate, provided they knew syriac and not a Jesuite.The original of this
letter is kept in Historical Archives of
Goa, Livreo Moncoes vol 25, f 121. Also, on the last day of Moonnu noyambu- the
Three day fast of the Rogation of Ninevites, at the Church at Edappalli,
Archdeacon Thomas Parambil, declared himself a Patriarch based on a letter by
Mar Ahatalla, in which it said the Pope
authorised Mar Ahatalla to appoint Archdeacon a patriarch in case Mar Ahatalla
dies and produced something made of silk and resembling a pallium and declared
that the pallium was sent by the Pope.(Joseph Thekkedath, History of
Christianity in India vol 2 p 98 citing Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu vol
68-If.119 Fr Barretto's "Informatio de Statu....Serra."Archivum
S. Congregationis pro Gentium
Evangelizatione seu de Propaganda Fide Rome, Scrittuture Originali riferite
nelle Congregazioni Generali, vol 234, f 239; Sebatiani's letter to Propaganda Fide on 01 January 1662. The
original of this letter is found in APF , SOCG vol 234 f 354, an Italian
translation is found in ff 363-364.
These shows that the Thomas Christians made this revolt against the Jesuites
and their Archbishop garcia and not against the Pope.</div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Rome sent Carmelites to
handle the situation. Two Carmelite commissaries were sent to malabar- Hoeph
Sebastiani and Vincent Hyacinth....</div>
</div>
<div id="edn8">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Archdeacon Thomas parambil
was declared as a Bishop but he wasa consecraed by 12 cathannars which was not
a legitimate Bishopric consecration. The Portuguese used this as a major
arguemt agaisnt thjomas This led majority to become loyal to sebastiani.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn9">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Dutch captured Cochin nand
orderd the Roman catholic Missionaries to leave Malabar. Thus, Bishop SEbastani
had to leave and hre consecrated cathanaar Chandy parambil as the Bishop. Thus
Chandy bacame the lone bishop with a legitimate Bishopric consecration whereas
mar Thoma I was still waititng for a legitmate consecration.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn10">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Rev Dr Placid Podipara,
The Hierarchy of Syro Malabar Church in Collected Works of Rev DR Placis J
Podipara CMI vol 1 Ed Dr Thomas Kalayil CMI, p 678 citing Giamil, narrates that
in a letter sent by three Saint Thomas Christians in 1578 to Pope saying
"Our prayeres are in the Syriac or Chaldean language which was handed over
to us by our Lord Saint THomas and we
and our predecessors have been taught this language."</div>
</div>
<div id="edn11">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Palakkunnel valiachante Nalagamam. (Malayalam) (Diary
notes of Palakkunnel Mathai Mariyam Cathanaar) 2000, page 145. Palakkunnel
mathai Mariyam Cathanaar was on the side of Mar Eliya Meloos who arrived to
Malabar inn 1874 oct 2 as a Visitor of
the Patriarch of Chaldeans . This caused a split in the Pazhayacoor community
of saint Thomas VChristians with a section joined Mar meloos as he was from the
patriaech of the Chaldeans and another section remained with the European
Missionaries. As a good section joined Mar Melus, Rome intervened and sent Leo
Meurin in 1876 as a visitor to Malabar to study about the problems with the
Catholic Saint Thomas Christians of the
Chaldean Syriac rite. Msgr Leo Meurin persuaded Mathai Mariam Cathanaar
to renounce Mar melus but the cathanaar wrote in his diaery, as my blood is
Chaldean, I would not. This shows that the Catholic Syriac Christians
considered themselves as a caste chaldeo
Syriac.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In a short treatise kept in
the Bibliotheca Nacional in Lisbon, named Noticians do Reyno do Malabar,
assumed to be written by Cathanaar Cariattil Joseph (later Archbishop Joseph
cariattil) probably written before 1782"Syriac and Chadaic which are the
languages of the Rites of the native
people of Malabar."</span> Rev Dr Placid Podipara CMI, The Hierarchy of
Syro Malabar Church, Ch 4 in Collected Works of Rev DR Placid J Podipara CMI,
vol 1 Ed Dr Thomas Kalayil CMI,San Jose Publications Mannanam Kottayam, 2007, p
680.citing Noticials do Reyno do Malabar pp9-10in Fondo Geral 536 f. 1-29 ed
SR12, 851 ff kept in Bibliotheca Nacional Lisbon written before 1782.</div>
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<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Fr. A Valignano wrote to
his General 0n 16 Sep 1577 that the Saint Thomas Christians are very attached
to Syriac language.(DI X p 882 in
History of Christianity in India vol 2 p 60.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn13">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Joseph Thekkedathu p 76</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Joseph Thekkedathu p77
Parts of the Roman ritual dealing with the administration of the sacraments
together with the exorcisms and
blessings taken from the Roman missal
were printed in Syriac in 1606 period citing Fernao Guerreiro , Relacao ao
anual II p 339</div>
</div>
<div id="edn15">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref15" name="_edn15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Serra,<a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Serra">http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Serra</a>,The
Portuguese word 'serra' means mountain range. This word is seen in numerous
Portuguese documents to denote Kerala- Malankara- the land of mountains</div>
</div>
<div id="edn16">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Joseph Thekkedathu, p 87
letter on 21 Nov 1619</div>
</div>
<div id="edn17">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref17" name="_edn17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Dr Joseph Muthanaatt,
Priestly formation among saint Thomas Christians, in Mar Thoma Margam, the
Ecclesial Heritage of Sait Thomas Christians, Vadavathoor, Kottayam, OIRSI, ED
Andrews Mekkattukunnel. Franciscan Semi9nary at Kodungalloor (1541), also
called College of Santiago, Jesuite SEminary at Vaippicotta (1581) (Vaippincptta
seminary took some interst inn teaching Syriac language).Dominican Seminary at Kaduthuruthy
(1629), Carmelite Seminary at Verapoly (1682), Seminary at Alengad (1766),
Seminary at Puthenpally-1866 Seminary at Verapoly was shifter to
Puthenpally.The Priestly formation among Saint THomas Christians were through
Malpans who were older knowledgeable Priests.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn18">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref18" name="_edn18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Fr Dr Varghese
Puthusserry, opus cit, p129</div>
</div>
<div id="edn19">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref19" name="_edn19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> James Puliurumpil,
History of Syro Malabar Church, OIRSI pp265-267</div>
</div>
<div id="edn20">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref20" name="_edn20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lonappan Arangasserry,
Right to Rite, an unfinished agenda, OIRSI, 2012, p78.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn21">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref21" name="_edn21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> REv Dr Charles Pyngott,
Malabar Sabha Puthiya Velichathiul Mal(Malabar Church in the new light)
Kottayam 1995, Denha Services, Kottayam, p183 citing PF Archives SC Ind Ori 14
fol 996 R</div>
</div>
<div id="edn22">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref22" name="_edn22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> G Thadikatt, Liturgical
Identity of Mar Thoma Nasrani Church, Kottayam, 2004, p 114, Paul Pallathu,
Joseph Kollara, Roman Pontifical into Syriac and the beginning of Liturgical
reform in the Syro Malabar Church, OIRSI 2012, p25</div>
</div>
<div id="edn23">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref23" name="_edn23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Varghese Pathikulangara,
Qurbana, Chaldeo Indian Liturgy vol 2, 1998 and 2007, p111.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn24">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref24" name="_edn24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Paul Pallathu, Joseph
Kollara, Roman Pontifical into Syriac and the beginning of Liturgical Reform in
the Syro Malabar Churchm OIRSI Kottayam 2012, p14</div>
</div>
<div id="edn25">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref25" name="_edn25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The Catholic Syrians and
the Church of the East in India used the East Syriac version- the original
language, but the Syriac Orthodox churches adopted the West Syriac dialect
since they adopted the West Syriac
liturgy and traditions gradually from 17-18 centuries.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn26">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref26" name="_edn26" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lonappan Arangasserry,
Right to rite,An unfuinished agenda, OIRSI Kottaya, 2012, pp180-181 citing
Hambye, Eastern Churches in India.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn27">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref27" name="_edn27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Willaim Macomber, A
History of Chaldean mass, Worship vol 51, No 2 , 1977,pp523-536.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn28">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref28" name="_edn28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Xavier Koodapuzha, Roman
Documents on the Syro Malabar Liturgy, OIRSI Kottayam, 1999, p25</div>
</div>
<div id="edn29">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref29" name="_edn29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Xavier Koodapuzha, Roman
Documents on the Syro Malabar Liturgy, OIRSI Kottayam, 1999, p 26</div>
</div>
<div id="edn30">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref30" name="_edn30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Dr Antony Nariculam,
Liturgical Music in Syro Malabar Church, Presentation in ILA Meeting, NBCLC
Bangalore, 26-28 October 2007.<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn31">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref31" name="_edn31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Dr. Antony Nariculam,
Liturgical Music in Syro Malabar Church, Presentation in ILA Meeting, NBCLC
Bangalore, 26-28 October 2007.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn32">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref32" name="_edn32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Rev Dr Thomas Kalayil,
CMI in the preface to the Collected works of Rev Dr Placid J Podipara CMI , San
jos Publications, Mannanam, 2007</div>
</div>
<div id="edn33">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref33" name="_edn33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Archbishop Mar Joseph
Powathil, Metropolitan Emeritus of the Arch Eparchy of Changanacherry, in his
oration at the funeral of Rev Dr Placid Podipara at Chethipuzha, on 29 April
1985 said, " Fr Placid may be called the Father of the Syro Malabar Church
because in all aspects, he is worthy to be ranked among the Fathers of the Church."- from
"The Prophet of a prophet' Dr Thomas Kalayil, biographical sketches and
reminiscences, Collected works of Rev Dr Placid J Podipara CMI vil 1 p xxvii</div>
</div>
<div id="edn34">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref34" name="_edn34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Rev Fr Joseph Kalathil,
Restoration attempts of the Syro Malabar Qurbana, Dukhranan Liturgical online
Journal, http://dukhrana.in/restoration-attempts-of-the-syro-malabar-qurbana/
accessed on 21 October 2016.<a href="http://dukhrana.in/restoration-attempts-of-the-syro-malabar-qurbana/">http://dukhrana.in/restoration-attempts-of-the-syro-malabar-qurbana/</a></div>
</div>
<div id="edn35">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref35" name="_edn35" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Rev Fr Joseph Kalathil,
Restoration attempts of the Syro Malabar Qurbana, Dukhranan Liturgical online
Journal, http://dukhrana.in/restoration-attempts-of-the-syro-malabar-qurbana/
accessed on 21 October 2016.<a href="http://dukhrana.in/restoration-attempts-of-the-syro-malabar-qurbana/">http://dukhrana.in/restoration-attempts-of-the-syro-malabar-qurbana/</a></div>
</div>
<div id="edn36">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref36" name="_edn36" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZqo2wcTmoI</div>
</div>
<div id="edn37">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref37" name="_edn37" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> http://nazranimargam.blogspot.co.uk/p/blog-page_2.html,(<a href="http://nazranimargam.blogspot.co.uk/p/blog-page_2.html">http://nazranimargam.blogspot.co.uk/p/blog-page_2.html</a>)</div>
</div>
<div id="edn38">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref38" name="_edn38" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMN7OllYTIU</div>
</div>
<div id="edn39">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref39" name="_edn39" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmLW9O_sqDY,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFJbdFZSdAo,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTmoUX2wMR4</div>
</div>
<div id="edn40">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Abstracts/2016/Symposium%20syriacum-Rome%20Aug%2016/Revival%20of%20Syriac%20Language%20in%20%20worship%20from%20the%20grass%20root%20level%20revised%2025%20Oct%202016.docx#_ednref40" name="_edn40" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> http://nazraniresearch.in/,
https://www.facebook.com/groups/nazraniresearchcentre/, https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10206269685244374&set=pcb.1004411283012030&type=3&theater.</div>
</div>
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http://orientale-lumen.blogspot.co.uk/2015/08/festival-of-eastern-catholic-churches.html</div>
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Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-49656344743560312012015-05-16T18:34:00.001+01:002015-05-17T18:28:38.653+01:00The Pahlavi inscribed Processional Cross of Herat, Afghanistan and the Pahlavi Crosses of South India: A Comparative Study of Religio Cultural traditions of the Churches of India and Parthia.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Pahlavi inscribed Processional
Cross of Herat, Afghanistan and the
Pahlavi Crosses of South India: A Comparative Study of Religio Cultural traditions of the Churches
of India and Parthia.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dr. M Thomas Antony and Mathew Mailaparampil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1vD34evEL2o/VVd7cB8HRfI/AAAAAAAAJgw/q4agyIJawgA/s1600/Herat%2BCross%2B03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1vD34evEL2o/VVd7cB8HRfI/AAAAAAAAJgw/q4agyIJawgA/s320/Herat%2BCross%2B03.jpg" width="218" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Introduction.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A Pahlavi inscribed processional cross conceivably dated from the 8th century AD was found recently from
Herat in Afghanistan. This cross has similarities with the Pahlavi inscribed
granite Crosses of South India and other crosses of Church of the East (East
Syriac Church) in China. It bears Pahlavi inscriptions which proclaims a
theological formula to defend the accusations made by the growing new religion
of Islam in the region . This processional cross witnesses the importance of
liturgical processions prevalent in the East Syriac tradition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Herat.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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capital of the province of Herat. It is situated in the valley of river Hari.
During the time of Achaemenid Empire 550-330 BC the area was called 'Haraiva'
in Persian <a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> It
is situated in Khurasan north west region of modern Afghanistan. Khurasan or
Khorasan is a historical region comprising a vast area of north eastern Iran,
Southern Turkmenistan and Northern Afghanistan.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Prior to the Sasanian rule, the region of
Khorasan was called Parthia<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and was the homeland of the Parthian Emperors. Khorasan comprises the cities of
Balkh and Herat now in Afghanistan, Mashhad and Nisapur now in north eastern
Iran, Merv and Nisa now in southern Turkmenistan, and Bukhara and Samarkand now
in Uzbekistan.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn4" title="">[4]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn4" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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period itself. Bardaisan in AD 196 commented about Christians in Gilan, the
southwest of Caspian and Bactria, the kingdom between Hindukush and Oxus (Amu
Darya).<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> In
AD 549, the Hephthalites in the Bactria
requested Patriarch Mar Aba I to consecrate a Bishop for them and an anonymous Syriac Chronicle describes Mar
Elias, the Metropolitan of Merv converting an entire nomadic population to Christianity by a miracle in AD 644.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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It was mentioned as a 'hyparchy' in the Synod of the Church of the East in AD
585. Herat had a Bishop since AD 424.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Synodicum Orientale mentions that three of the four cities of
Khurasan , Herat, Merv and Nisapur (Abrasahr), were represented by Bishops in
AD 424 .<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Herat was elevated as a Metropolitan province of the Church of the East in the Synod of Isho Yahb in AD 585.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Synodicum Oriantale mentions a Bishop
Yasdoi in the synod of Dadisho in AD
424, Bishop Gabriel in Synod of Akak in
AD 486, Bishop Yasdad attended the synod of Babai in AD 497, another Bishop Gabriel
in the synod of Isho Yahb in AD 585. Besides, a Bishop John from Abiward or
Baward in the north west of Khurasan attended the synod of Joseph in AD 554,
Bishop David from Abrashahr, a district in Khurasan in the synod of Dadisho in
AD 424, Bishop Yohannis also from Abrashahr in the synod of Babai in AD 497,
Bishop Habib from Bushanj, a town west of Herat in the synod of Isho Yahb in AD
585, Bishop Gabriel from Kadistan near Herat and another Gabriel from Badishi
or Badhgis, a district north of Herat in the synod of Isho Yahb in AD 585 .<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Thus, Christianity was well established in the area with numerous Bishops
attending various ecclesiastical synods showing vigorous activity of the East
Syriac Church in the area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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seventh century<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
They follow West Syriac tradition. There was also presence of Armenian
Christian community in Herat during the fifth century.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn12" title="">[12]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn12" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Philippe Gignoux, a French epigraphist and historian
reported about a bronze processional cross with Pahlavi
inscriptions found in Herat.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The upper vertical arm was broken and missing leaving the lower three arms and
a base with an inverted cup with holes to fix a wooden pole or a stand with nails. It measures 18.3 x14.1 cm.
There were two curved ornamental plates connecting the lower arm to the two
lateral arms with an indentation in the middle making it a w shape.
Inscriptions in Pahlavi are seen on
these ornamental curved plates and also on the arms of the cross, on
both faces. It was possible to reconstruct the
shape and length of the missing arm with high probability by comparing
it with the two horizontal arms. When it is reconstructed the original size could have been 24.3 x 14.1
cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It appears that this was a processional cross based on the
fact that this cross was supposed to be fixed on a pole. If it was an altar
cross, there would not be inscriptions on both faces. There is nothing in the
inscriptions to suggest that this was a pastoral cross. This is a remarkable
evidence pointing towards the presence of an ancient Christian community in
Herat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The design.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The design of this cross agrees with many of the ancient
East Syriac rock crosses found in India and China. The arms of the cross ends
with a flowery design with three rounded buds as seen in the Pahlavi inscribed Saint
Thomas Crosses (Mar Thoma Sliva) of India. The lotus arrangement and the steps
in the Saint Thomas Crosses of South India
are not seen in the Herat cross.
As the top vertical arm is missing, we are not clear about any descending dove
on the top.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Inscriptions</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The inscriptions are
in the Middle Persian language with some Syriac words in Pahlavi script. The Pahlavi inscribed crosses
of South India also bear Pahlavi inscriptions with definite Syriac logograms.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
These denote the strong Persian connection and the East Syriac background. The
Pahlavi script of this cross resembles the text used in the sixth century Pahlavi
Psalter found in Turfan in the Xinjiang- Uighur region of China. Philippe Gignoux thinks this inscriptions most
probably dates to a time between 6th and 8th centuries AD.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The inscriptions talk about a certain 'Mare' of the Church of Herat in the year
507 or 517 entrusted the community to a
Saint or Holy (Karisise) and a theological formula that there are no three gods
but only one and a wish for the
prosperity for the Church.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As the Cross has a missing piece and inscriptions are on
both faces , the reading was difficult. Gignoux considered the starting point
was the vertical arm, then the horizontal
arm from right to left sides. The following is the translation of Philippe Gignoux<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Front side.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">............(missing part)bagdag son of
Nisem-burzar that (sees/write)too. Mare son of NN, who (is) of the Church of
Herat, who gave this (same) flock to Karisise the Holy .... in the year 507/517<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Back side.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">......(missing part) (We believe that
?) in heaven there are not three Gods/Creators, and on earth that wealth and
happiness be the hosts to the Church of my good teaching.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In all probability, this Cross belonged to the Church of the
East and is connected to the local Persian heritage. The usage of Late Middle
Persian writing on an object of Christian worship shows that the local East
Syriac Christian community was proudly Persian and bilingual- using East Syriac
and Pahlavi. The Church of the East had several Bishops of Persian extract and with very Persian names in this region. It
has been pointed out that the theological formula regarding the non-existence
of three gods most probably is a rebuttal to accusations made by proponents of
the newly growing religion of Islam.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">The date on the inscription could not be the
Christian Era because 507/517 AD does not comply with the style of writing and
notations used by the Churches of the Syriac tradition. It is too early for the
Seleucid Era which began in 311/312 BC. While it is possible that it could be
the Sasanian Yazdegerd III Era which began in 632 AD, it would place the cross
in the 12<sup>th</sup> century. However, the writing is from a period closer to
the Pahlavi Psaltar and not later. Most probably, it is the Bactrian Era which
began in 233 AD as this region is near Bactria. That places the date on the
cross to 740/750 AD.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn18" name="_ednref18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This time period coincides
with the great East-Syriac Christian expansion into central Asia and China. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Processional Crosses with inscriptions.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Glanville Downey, who was an Associate Professor of Byzantine
Literature in the Harvard University at Dumbarton oaks, Washington DC comments
that many of the ancient religious
antiquities seen in the Metropolitan Museum of Art are inscribed with the
donor's names and some pious phrases and vows. He gives an example of a Processional silver cross of Antioch treasure of the sixth century, in the Metropolitan
museum of Art<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn19" name="_ednref19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
This cross has Greek inscriptions on both sides. The back side has the words "For
Herodotus and Komitas, sons of Pantaleon" meaning this cross was presented
for the salvation of the souls of Herodotus and Komitas. On the front,
inscribed "Holy God, Holy Mighty one, Holy immortal one, have mercy upon
us" the hymn of Trisagion<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn20" name="_ednref20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
This is most appropriate to read on a cross
in the front of a procession.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another example of such
a prayer formula inscribed is on a large
58 cm processional cross excavated from
Divrigi near the village of Opsikom in Istanbul in AD 1969 with Armenian
inscription "In
gratitude.....offers to his/her intercessor, Saint George CAGINCOM". This
Cross was dated as of AD 547.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn21" name="_ednref21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Two other crosses reported in the collection of George Ortiz in Geneva, one of
them is 21.8 x16.1 cm with a bust of
Christ in the central medallion with inscriptions in Greek on both sides and another one
without any inscriptions. The cross with inscriptions is made of two sheets of silver laid over an iron
core. The inscription at the back of the
cross , on the top arm says - "Holy Holy Holy Lord of Hosts, Heaven and
earth are filled with thy glory",
on the bottom arm "Hosanna
in the highest Blessed is he that cometh in the name (of the Lord)", on
the left arm " Lord of" and on the right arm "Blessed". On
the front upper arm, written
"Jesus", bottom arm " Christ Lord, help Thy servant
Georgios", and left and right arms "victory".<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn22" title="">[22]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn22" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another Cross in Toledo Museum of Art with inscription
in Greek, on the back reads "Have mercy on us son of God" and on
the front reads "He who has crucified for us".<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn23" name="_ednref23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These inscriptions on the back are understood in terms of a
procession as people following the cross can read a prayer or a liturgical
formula. In the late 6th and 7th centuries, cross was the single most powerful
symbol in the church evocative of the triumph
over death, the life everlasting.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn24" title="">[24]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn24" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pahlavi Inscribed Crosses of Malabar,
South India.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-q9UBWu4jPMs/VVd_gthzdtI/AAAAAAAAJhs/-q_-jojoFCw/s1600/alengadu-cross.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-q9UBWu4jPMs/VVd_gthzdtI/AAAAAAAAJhs/-q_-jojoFCw/s320/alengadu-cross.jpg" width="275" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Pahlavi inscribed granite crosses of South India parallels
the same theme. These crosses were altar crosses rather than processional
crosses. These are probably sculptured in South India by migrant Persian
Christians who escaped persecution in Persia. The inscription seems to be a
prayer for the person who erected it as deciphered by many eminent scholars. A
new interpretation published recently by a linguist and an epigraphic- palaeographic researcher in the
University of Allahabad, Shilanand Hemraj is as follows<b>. "My Lord is the
Mishiha and life giver, who be praised for ever because of salvation. Indeed
the Lord suffered crucifixion to redeem us."</b><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn25" title="">[25]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn25" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The inscription is in Pahlavi which denotes that this prayer was
intended for Persian speaking
Christians, probably migrant Persian Christians who escaped persecution
and intermarried with native Christians<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn26" name="_ednref26" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Later, the local Christians copied it and placed in the altars in many places,
copying the inscription also without knowing what it is. Studies by C P T
Winkworth showed that all these inscriptions are copies of an original, based
on the finding that many letters are upside down and a word
as mirror image due to copying by using rubbings or estampages from the
original put in the wrong way in the copy.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One of the Pahlavi inscribed crosses at Kottayam bears a
Syriac inscription also which confirms that Syriac was a prominent language
used at that time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Glanville Downey reports of a Marble Cross excavated from
Hebdomon near Istanbul designed to stand in the open air with inscription of Trisagion hymn, with the
four phrases occupies on each arm of the cross as read from the top to bottom
and left to right with a spectator's point of view of the order in which the Greek
orthodox person makes his sign of Cross. On the back of the Cross, a
dedication by the Emperor Leo I
(457-474) This Cross is now in the Museum of Istanbul.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn28" title="">[28]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn28" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pahlavi and Church of the East.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pahlavi denotes a particular written form of various Middle
Iranian languages that uses an Aramaic-derived script with Aramaic/Syriac
logograms<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn29" name="_ednref29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Pahlavi was the court language of the Sasanian Empire. Pahlavi was commonly
used by Persian Christians, especially the East Syrians. The Christians of
Mesopotamia were originally Jewish people and other local Aramaic/ Syriac
speakers. But in the east of Tigris, the Persian Christians were mostly
Zoroastrian converts who retained Middle Iranian languages such as Middle
Persian and Sogdian. The first generation of these Christians retained their
Persian names. Later generations changed their names into Christian
appellations formed by the compounds of
faith.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn30" title="">[30]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn30" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chronicles of Seert mentions about a Ma'na, a student of the
School of Edessa translated many Syriac works into Pahlavi and in AD 470,
another Ma'na of the same school wrote religious discourses, cantilces and
hymns to be sung and recited in the Persian Christian churches in Persia.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn31" title="">[31]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn31" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even Certain
ecclesiastical canons like that of
Simon, the Metropolitan of Rev Ardashir (d 670 AD) were originally
composed in Pahlavi and later translated into Syriac by a Monk from Beth Katraye.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn32" name="_ednref32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
This confirms that the official language of the Church of the East was Syriac
and hence the local documents had to be translated into Syriac.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It appears that the Sasanians promoted Pahlavi over Syriac
and hence the Church in Persia started using Pahlavi also, probably for para
liturgical uses. Even when Pahlavi canticles and hymns were found, no such
manuscript of a liturgical text in Pahlavi has ever been found anywhere in the ecclesiastical
area of jurisdiction of the Church of the East. There is no evidence so far to
confirm that the whole liturgy was translated into Pahlavi. We can see usage of
Syriac language widespread in
inscriptions in central Asia and China where the Christianity was brought from
Persia. This means the Persian Christians and Missionaries used both Pahlavi
and Syriac, but Syriac remained as the liturgical and universal language. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even the more liberal Western Churches considered
translating the liturgy to a language other than Latin only after 1960s, how
can we even think of more conservative and traditional Syriac churches adopting
vernacularisation at a very early period ? Early Christianity evolved in three
different languages- Syriac, Greek and Latin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pahlavi usage was prominent in South Persia. Christianity spread to
Central Asia and China through Persia, but most of the inscriptions found in Central Asia and
China are in Syriac. Widespread presence of
ancient Syriac inscriptions and manuscripts found in central Asia and
China confirms the prominent usage of
Syriac language in the area.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn33" name="_ednref33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> There
are local Chinese, Pahlavi and Sogdian inscriptions also. In Malabar , South
Indian State of Kerala, Syriac and local language- vattezhuthu(early malayalam)
-inscriptions are commonly seen in the
Christian context but the series of
Persian Crosses bear Pahlavi inscriptions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Almost half of the manuscripts in 'Turfan collection' are in Syriac language. These are dated 11-14 th century AD by different scholars. There
are some manuscripts in local scripts like Sogdian, Uighur Turkic and Pahlavi. Many of the Sogdian, Uighur Turkic and Middle Persian
manuscripts are written in Syriac script. Many of the Turfan collection of
Christian manuscripts are bilingual, with Syriac liturgical text with rubric
instructions to the Priests in Sogdian. Almost all of the liturgical texts are
in Syriac.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn34" name="_ednref34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
In a certain document dated AD 1253, found from Inner Mongolia in the 1980s,
a cross a and a short quotation of Psalm 34 in Syriac characters and language
with the remaining text in memory of the dead in the Uighur alphabet.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn35" name="_ednref35" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Thus we can assume that even in 13-14 th century Syriac was still the liturgical language with local
language used for giving instructions in liturgical texts and for para
liturgical texts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thus, it is evident
that in South Persia Central Asia, China
and India, even when Pahlavi, Chinese and Early malayalam- vattezhuthu is used
in Christian inscriptions and Christian manuscripts, in all these areas, Syriac
was also used widespread. This shows that Syriac
was the common link language because of the liturgical use. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We have to assume that in all these areas, Syriac was used
as the liturgical language but local languages were used in documents, manuscripts and up to certain
para liturgical usage like Pahlavi canticles and hymns used by Persian speaking
migrants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even when different languages were used, knowledge in Syriac
was a universal necessity in the Church
of the East. When the illustrious Monk Markose, the Chinese born Patriarch of East Syriac Church in AD 1281 confessed on the occasion of his
selection to the Patriarchal position " I am lacking in education and
church doctrine. I am not even acquainted with your Syriac language which is a
matter of universal necessity<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn36" name="_ednref36" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Syriac Church of the East- the
continuation of the Judeo Christian movement of the Apostles.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Church of the East was the direct continuation of the
Judeo Christian movement of the Apostles of Jesus. Jesus and His disciples
spoke Aramaic, pronunciation of which is well preserved in the East Syriac dialect.
This fact is evidenced by the preservation of many East Syriac words in the
Bible written in Greek transliterated- as
'Amen', 'Maran Atha', 'Thal itha
cum' - Little Girl, get up(Mark 5:41), Eph' pha-tha'- be opened ( Mark 7:34), 'E'li
E'li Le-ma sa-back'thani'- My God, My God, why have you foresaken me ( Mathew
27:46) 'Martha' the sister of Lazar and Mary (Luke 10:38-42, John 11:1,
19-24,30,39 )<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn37" title="">[37]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn37" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Early Christianity developed in Syriac Aramaic. When the
Churches in Jerusalem and Antioch became Hellenised and adopted Greek as their
religio cultural language, the Syriac Churches continued Syriac as their religio
cultural language. Even in Rome, there is evidence that the Christian liturgy
was celebrated in the very early period in Syriac. An early second century document
recently unearthed from the base of the Palatine hill in Rome reveals
the dissatisfaction among many Christians in adopting Latin instead of Aramaic
Syriac in the celebration of Holy Mass.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn38" title="">[38]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn38" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Church of the East was founded by Jesus himself by His
promise to the Edessan King Abgar the Ukkama that I will send my disciples to
Edessa to heal you and give life to you and those with you, once I have been
taken up after finishing what I have been sent for.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn39" name="_ednref39" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
On the day of Pentecost, people from Mesopotemia and Parthia were present in
Jerusalem. "Parthians and Medes and
Elamites, and those who dwell in
Mesopotamia, Jews and cappadocians and
those from Pontius and Asia minor. And those from the region of Phrygia and of Pamphyli and of , Egypt and of
the regions of Libya near Cyrene, and
those who have come from Rome, both Jews and proselytes. And those from Crete, and Arabians, behold we hear them
speak in our own tongues of the wonderful works of God".<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn40" title="">[40]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn40" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Church of Edessa was founded by Mar Addai (Addai is the
Syriac version of the Greek name Thaddeus)<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn41" name="_ednref41" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
who was sent by Apostle Thomas. Church of Ctesiphon was founded by Mar Mari, a
disciple of Mar Addai. Churches of
Parthia and India were founded by Apostle Thomas himself. Thus, the Syriac
Church of the East was founded by Apostle Thomas and his disciples and hence
could be called as Thomasine Churches.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Iranian Christianity.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">During the Parthian rule, the Christians of Persia (Parthian
Empire ) suffered harassments and
persecutions but no systematic campaigns against them . But during the Sasanian
period and later Islamic periods, there were organised persecutions.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn42" title="">[42]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn42" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Christianity in Iran
can be traced back from the visit of the three Parthian Priests (Magi) to
infant Jesus.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn43" name="_ednref43" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Persian Christians claim that the Magi were the first ever Christians.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn44" name="_ednref44" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Saint John Chrysostom taught "</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The Incarnate Word on coming into the world gave to Persia, in the person
of the <i>magi</i>, the first manifestations of His mercy and light so that the
Jews themselves learn from the mouths of Persians of the birth of their
Messiah.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn45" name="_ednref45" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The early Christians in Persia might have been those fled from Roman empire
due to persecution as early as AD 68 onwards and those came to Persia as
missionaries to preach the Jewish communities in the Parthian Empire and their
Jewish converts<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn46" name="_ednref46" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">During the Sasanian era, Christians who supported the
diaphysite thought fled to Persia due to persecution in the Roman Empire.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn47" name="_ednref47" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shapur I in the AD 250s
reclaimed many of the old Achaemenid kingdom of Persia that was
destroyed by Alexander the Great by war
with the Roman Empire resulted in a large number of Roman prisoners deported to
Persia and resettled them in Beth Aramaye, Maishan, Beth Huzae and Fars. Many
of these were Christians. They spoke Greek and had different services than that
of the Church of the East. They founded a Roman Church in exile and had Bishops
from Antioch namely Demetrius, Ardaq, Andrew and so on. Chronicles of Seert
also comments about two separate churches found in Rev Ardashir, the Church of
the Romans where the services were in Greek and the Church of the Kirmanians (the
Christian traders from Kirman resided in Rev Ardashir) where Syriac was used
for the liturgy.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn48" name="_ednref48" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the third century, Zoroastrian priest Kartir initiated
persecution of other religions. The Kaba-ye
Zardusht inscriptions of Kartir in AD 285 speaks of striking down the
Nasraye and Kristiane communities along
with the Manichaens, Budhists, Jews and Brahmins to put Zoroastrianism beyond
challenge in the Empire.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn49" name="_ednref49" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The Nasraye were the Syriac speaking Judeo Christian community of the East
Syriac Church and the Kristiane were the Greek speaking Christians who were
deported from the Roman Provinces to Persian empire during the war.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After a century, the Acts of the martyrs present a different
story in which many of the Christian victims
of Shapur II had Iranian names that they were Zoroastrian converts to
Christianity. This means by the beginning of 4th century, there were Iranian( Persian)
speaking Christians too in Persia.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn50" name="_ednref50" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Thus,
by the early fifth century, Persian Empire had a Christian community that
included Syrians, Greeks and Persians.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 13.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> </span></h1>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Church of the East
spread along the silk road to Bactria in the early centuries itself. Metropolitan
provinces of Merv and Herat of Khurasan in the fifth century is an evidence of
spread of missionary activity along the silk road to the east. The Khurasan
area was a hub of the missionary activities directed towards east. An anonymous
Chronicle written in AD 680 in Syriac
mentions about Metropolitan Elias of Merv actively involved in
converting many people from Turks and other nations. It describes an encounter
of the Metropolitan with a Chieftain in that location while travelling, the
Metropolitan dispelled a storm by sign of Cross resulting in the Chieftain and
the community converted to Christianity en masse.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn52" name="_ednref52" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">History of Mar Aba
mentions consecration of a Hephthalite Bishop in AD 549. The location of this See
could be the Bishopric of Badghis-Qadistan represented in the Synod of Isho Yahb
in AD 585. This could have resulted in elevation of Herat as a Metropolitan See
as Herat was traditionally associated with regions of Pusang, Badghis and Qadistan.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn53" name="_ednref53" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Church of Fars and Church of India -Maritime
Trade links<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">India and South Persia had strong trade links. The Sassanids
overthrowing the Parthians in AD 225 set ready for trans oceanic trade with
India by setting up ports like Rew Ardashir,( Rishahr on the Bushire
Penninsula), Astarabadh Ardashir (formelry Charax)Bahman Ardashir (Forat of
maisan), Wahasht Ardashir, Kujaran Ardashir (on the Iranian Coast), and Batn
Ardashir on the Arabian coast. It was the Christian merchants who operated this
trade. Chronicles of Seert mentions that Sassanid ruler Yasdigird I( 399-421
AD) sent the East Syriac Catholicos Mar Ahai to Fars to investigate the piracy of ships returning from India and
Ceylon. This denote that the merchants involved were Christians.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn54" name="_ednref54" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This Maritime trade caused a strong connection with Indian
Church and the Church of Fars. On the coasts of the Arabian Gulf, there were
many Monasteries as spiritual hub for these merchant missionaries. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kharg Island was such a hub where Archaeological excavations
revealed a monastery and about 60 Christian
tombs of the period 250 CE - confirms the strong presence of Christians in the
area .<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn55" name="_ednref55" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Archaeological
studies at Sir Bani- Yas, Marawah islands off Abu Dhabi, ,Failaka and Akaz
islands off Kuwait are other strong evidence for the Maritime Trade- Missionary links on the Arabian coast.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn56" title="">[56]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn56" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Processional Crosses.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Processional
crosses are crosses used in processions
in the ceremonies of worship. They are used in processions in the
Liturgy. In certain traditions, it is a privilege of the Bishops to use a
processional cross in Liturgy. They are used outside the church also for
processions. One of the earliest specific references to the custom of using
crosses in processions can be found in a hymn in the honour of cross by
Venantius Fortunatus of the sixth century<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn57" name="_ednref57" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">[57]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Processional crosses were associated with relics. In the
monastery of Theodore of Sykion, there is a sixth century processional cross
that contain relics of the true cross<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn58" name="_ednref58" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. The
Monstrance used widely in the Roman Catholic Church is a variant for of a plain
Cross with a capsule in the centre to place venerable relics and later the Holy Eucharist for adoration.
The Monstrance has a basic design of a
plain cross with radiant spikes from the centre forming a circle. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Processional Crosses in Malabar <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Processional crosses were common among the Saint Thomas
Christians of India also. They are part
of the paraphrenalia of the public processions in the Christian Churches in
Kerala along with ornamental umbrellas and so on. They are usually plain crosses
not crucifixes, with a stand which is decorated with a beautiful veil.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn59" title="">[59]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn59" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Gcx8Iab3nmU/VVd8Re7JLZI/AAAAAAAAJhI/CQJF-rxtu44/s1600/Gold%2BProcessional%2BCross%2BOllur.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Gcx8Iab3nmU/VVd8Re7JLZI/AAAAAAAAJhI/CQJF-rxtu44/s1600/Gold%2BProcessional%2BCross%2BOllur.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A contemporary processional cross among Saint Thomas Christians of India.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Saint Thomas Christians used processional crosses
in the liturgy. One such ancient processional cross has been
documented in the history of Saint Thomas Christians, the processional Cross of
the ancient Church at Muttuchira, Kerala.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Processional Cross of Muttuchira.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1j5GkJ0yt4c/VVd8XvcDRTI/AAAAAAAAJhQ/PXT4yqASUVY/s1600/christianity-in-india-perumalil-copper-cross-at-muttuchira.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1j5GkJ0yt4c/VVd8XvcDRTI/AAAAAAAAJhQ/PXT4yqASUVY/s320/christianity-in-india-perumalil-copper-cross-at-muttuchira.jpg" width="251" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The ancient Church at Muttuchira in the South Indian State
of Kerala is traditionally believed to
be founded in the fifth century. A number of archaeological artefacts are found
in this Church compound including the Pahlavi inscribed Persian Cross and the historically important
Lithic inscriptions of Muttuchira<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn60" name="_ednref60" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[60]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. The discovery of the ancient Pahlavi inscribed
Granite Cross during the renovation of
the ancient Ruha D Kudisha Church on the eastern side of the open air rock
cross in the present Church complex in
AD 1923 caught attention of the archaeology department of the then Government of
Travancore. This initiated detailed investigation and a
bell metal cross with Silver covering was also found along with several
archaeologically important objects. A
local historian George P Murickel wrote on 02/12/1925 "Our brass cross has
a close resemblance to the cross engraved on the oval stone (the Pahlavi inscribed
granite cross)". <a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn61" name="_ednref61" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[61]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Rev Fr Joseph Pediyekkal who was a Vicar in this Church reported to the investigators
that the bell metal Cross reported by Mr Murickel was actually a Silver Cross
with bell metal core, which was melted in AD 1919 to recover the Silver.Fr
Pediyekkal also reported that this was used in processions.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn62" title="">[62]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn62" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This cross is not seen today, but a picture of it has been
published in the book Christianity in India, a History in ecumenical
perspective, Edited by Rev Fr H C
Perumalil CMI and Rev E R Hambye S J,
Prakasam Publications, Alleppey, India 1972<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn63" name="_ednref63" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[63]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
This was a Processional Cross modelled on the famous Mailappore Cross and the series of Pahlavi inscribed
Granite Crosses of South India, the Mar Thoma Sliva. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Other Similar Processional Crosses of
East Syriac Church.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Malacca cross.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sir Henry Yule reported in a manuscript about a copper Cross
found in Malacca. "While digging in
a property near Malacca river belonging to Raya Mudaliyar . About 2 braccas
down they found a 'cross fleurie' of
copper in the ruins of an underground house of bricks like a hermitage. This was of the shape of the crosses of the knights of
Calatrava, 3 palms breadth and length
It seems it is the cross of some of the Christians of Mailappore came
with merchants of Coromandel to Malacca" .<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn64" title="">[64]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn64" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Iron Cross with Syriac and Chinese
Inscriptions found in Mosul.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alphonse Mingana, a famous orientalist and researcher who
was a Reader in Syriac in the University of Manchester reported that he found an Iron Cross with Syriac and Chinese
inscriptions in a private family at Mosul, Iraq. The Syriac words read 'Sliba
Zkha' means the 'Cross has conquerred.'<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn65" name="_ednref65" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[65]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
As it has Chinese inscriptions, it might have originated in China and might
have been imported to Iraq by some Missionaries or pilgrims. The words 'Cross
has conquered' may denote a processional hymn.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Iron Cross with Chinese Inscriptions.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An iron Cross was found in China in the province of
Kiang-seen with inscriptions on it from
which we can assume that it belong to AD
239.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn66" name="_ednref66" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[66]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The inscriptions on it was in Chinese
language which reads as " Four seas rejoice over peace, iron road
spendours a cross, Ten thousand folks for grace
yearn ,a thousand autumns incensed by golden urn". This may or may
not be of any Christian significance, but if we see this information together
with the report of Arnobius in "Adverses Gentes"mentions about Seres(China)
as among the nations reached by the Gospels<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn67" name="_ednref67" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[67]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and the Malabar tradition that Apostle
Thomas went to China from India, one has to consider that this could be the
earliest Christian artefact in the far east.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cross found in ruins of an East Syriac
Monastery in Samarkand- Uzbekistan with Syriac, Sogdian and Chinese
inscriptions.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">East Sogdian Archaeological Expedition of the Academies of
Sciences of Ukraine and Uzbekistan found ruins of a Medieval Christian
monastery in the Urgut area of Samarkand, today's Uzbekistan, in the foothills
of Zerafshan mountain ranges. In the mountain cave, they found Sogdian,
Syriac and Chinese inscriptions. Arabic
Chronicles give hints of a monastery in the region by 9 th century AD , but archaeological evidence
from even 7th century were found in the site. One important finding was an iron Cross found on the steps directed to
an altar supposed to be a processional cross used in liturgies.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn68" name="_ednref68" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[68]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Processional Crosses: Church of the
East and Thomas Christian tradition.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The East Syriac Church always had a tradition of honouring
Cross. Narsai (399-502 AD) wrote " the altar stands crowned with
beauty and splendour and upon it is the gospel of life and the adorable wood(
the Cross)". Gabriel Qatraya and Abraham Bar Lipah also
comments similarly that the altar
of the East Syriac Churches adorned with
the Cross and the Gospel also the image of Christ. According to John Bar Zo'bi, Cross and the gospel on the altar
represent the 'qnoma' of Christ. Cross represent the image of the body of
Christ and the gospel his soul. <a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn69" name="_ednref69" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[69]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gabriel Qatraya and Abraham Bar Lipah witnesses
position of the Cross, the Gospel and the Image of
Christ on the madbha. The onitsa
sung on the Friday following the feast of the cross states " Saviour,
your church carries a heavenly treasure and riches. She takes refuge and fixes her trust in the mysteries and images that you entrusted to her,
namely the great book of the gospel, the adorable wood of your cross and
the glorious image of your humanity . The mysteries of her redemption are
indeed exalted " <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn70" title="">[70]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn70" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Crosses are used in various liturgical processions inside
and outside the churches of Saint Thomas
Christians. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cross in the procession in the
Eucharistic liturgy<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the ancient liturgy of the Saint Thomas Christians of
Malabar, there are three specific occasions where a procession of Cross is
celebrated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 Procession with the cross from the sanctuary during the Onitsa
d' Qanke<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2 Procession of the cross with the gospel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3 Re-entry of the
cross and the gospel in the sanctuary
before the 'offertory'.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Procession of the Cross from the sanctuary
during the Onitsa d' Qanke.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The earliest evidence available today is a manuscript kept
at the Monastery of the Carmelites of Mary Immaculate (CMI) at Mannanam,
Kerala, India which is the modified version of the ancient
liturgical 'taksa' (text) of Thomas Christians. The manuscript is the Latinised text of the
ancient liturgy of Thomas Christians. At the end of the manuscript, there is a
note stating that " the order of the 'Raza' as arranged by Bishop Roz in the synod of Angamali in the
fourth year and fourth month of his reign (1603 AD)". <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It has to be noted that due to the resistance of the
Cathanaars(Priests) of the undivided Saint Thomas Christians, the Portuguese
Missionaries had to keep many of the traditions and rituals of the Holy
Eucharistic liturgy untouched. Thus this
confirms the longstanding practice of the Saint Thomas Christians with
procession of Cross during the liturgy. Gabriel Qatraya also witnesses similar
custom among the east Syriac Church.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn71" title="">[71]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn71" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the procession of the cross from the sanctuary during the
Onitsa d Qanke, the celebrant, deacons and the laity kisses the cross and then
places the cross in the madbaha. Gabriel Qatraya also describes the procession
of the cross from the santuary to the bema among the East Syriac Church.
Abraham Bar Lipah, Assemani and Van
Unnik also describes about this procession. After the Kissing of the Cross, the
Cross is placed in the bema. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Procession of Cross with the Book of
Gospel.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gabriel Qatraya and Abraham bar Lipah describes about the
procession of cross along with the book of Gospel in the East Syriac
Church. The procession of cross with the
gospel is not described in the 'Rozian' order even when in
Latin tradition, especially Braga tradition prevailed in Goa, a crucifix accompanies the book of Gospel. If
the procession of cross was of Latin origin, Roz would have kept it in the
order of Raza. Roz omitted this procession in order to suppress one of the Syriac
traditions. Even though this was omitted in 'Rozian order', the custom
continued in Malabar.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn72" name="_ednref72" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[72]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Priest
takes the book of gospel, incense it and 'turgama' is sung. Then the Book of
Gospel is taken to the nave for reading as a procession along with the Cross.
AS mentioned before, the Cross is the Qnoma of the Lord Jesus Christ and the Gospel
the words of the Lord. Hence they can't be separated and goes together.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Re-entry of the cross
and the gospel in the sanctuary before the 'offertory'<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The third procession of Cross is the re-entry of the Cross
and Gospel into the sanctuary after the Korozhutha as a procession.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cross in the procession during the Onitsa
d' Basalike of Ramsa.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Fr Charles Payngott
explains quoting Gabriel Qatraya that
the tradition of a procession of Cross in the celebration of Ramsa originated from the time of King Constantine
who used to go to the church of evening prayers. There was a procession to honour the kings. As the word
for King in Greek is Baseleus, the name Onitsa d' Basalike came into existence.
Later, Patriarch Isho Yahb changed it
into a procession of Cross.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Processions outside the Church. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In all religious processions, a large processional cross is
carried in the front. This is usually an ornamental cross with a veil on the
base.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn73" title="">[73]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn73" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Iron Cross of Niranam. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tkGr-Kx1H64/VVd8vbYYCTI/AAAAAAAAJhY/2SEJhkkQTpc/s1600/Niranam%2BCross.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tkGr-Kx1H64/VVd8vbYYCTI/AAAAAAAAJhY/2SEJhkkQTpc/s320/Niranam%2BCross.jpg" width="273" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The picture of this Cross has been published in the Saint Thomas
Christian Encyclopedia- Thomapedia, Ed. Dr George Menacherry<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn74" name="_ednref74" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[74]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. This
is made of iron and was once a steeple cross of one of the earlier Churches of
Niranam. This is a Persian Cross of a different design. This is an equilateral
Cross modelled on the Granite Cross at Kottakkavu near Cranganore in Kerala.
The four equal arms ends with a flowery
pattern- two curved flowery petals on either side with a bud in the centre-
fleury Cross. The curved floral petals
on either sides of the ends of each arm meet with similar petals of the other arms of
the Cross forming a circle with indentation in between the arms. This design of
Cross is commonly seen on the open air rock crosses, granite beams, baptismal
fonts and woodworks of the ancient Saint Thomas Christian Churches. The famous
mural painting of Archdeacon George of Christ is seen holding a pastoral cross
of similar design. This may have been the design of pastoral crosses of Saint
Thomas Christians.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vVPnmNX_Nhk/VVd88ZKpOPI/AAAAAAAAJhg/dF7s4B1J44k/s1600/scan0017.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vVPnmNX_Nhk/VVd88ZKpOPI/AAAAAAAAJhg/dF7s4B1J44k/s640/scan0017.jpg" width="344" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A mural painting of Archdeacon george of Christ. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conclusion.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pahlavi was widely used by Persian Missionaries of the
Church of the East who migrated to India, Central Asia and China. When Persian
Christians migrated to other places due to persecution, they continued to use
Pahlavi. These left archaeological artefacts in the form of inscriptions and manuscripts.
The Pahlavi inscribed granite crosses of South India are one of the vestiges of
the presence of Persian speaking Christian migrants in South India. There is
evidence that later the local Christians
copied these crosses with the Pahlavi inscriptions, even though they did not
understand Pahlavi- evidenced by uneducated copying of Pahlavi inscriptions
leading to letters upside down and words as mirror images on the copies. They
might have considered these inscriptions as some important theological formulae
or prayers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pahlavi inscribed
processional cross found in Herat also denotes the
possible religio cultural practice of inscribing theological formulae
and prayers dedicated to the donors on objects of veneration. This is an
archaeological evidence of ancient East Syriac Christianity in Herat and
Central Asia related to the Persian Church and a living example of the
Missionary zeal of the Church of the East which was larger than even the Roman Church during the European Middle ages<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_edn75" name="_ednref75" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[75]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
without official patronage of any Empire.
It also shows the multi cultural, multi linguistic and multi
ethnic nature of the East Syriac Church which had even an ethnic Chinese
Patriarch ( Jaballaha III) in the year 1281 AD.
This confirms the Universality and the real Catholicity of the ancient Judeo-
Christian Church of the East.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Picture courtesy.</div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The different pictures of the Processional Cross of Herat has been taken from the paper- Philippe Gignoux, Une Croix de procession de Herat inscrite en pehlevi, Le Museon, 07/2001,; 114(3):pp291-304</div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Picture of the processional cross at Ollur and mural painting of Archdeacon george of Cross are taken from ‘The Nazranis, Indian Church History Classics, Ed Prof. George Menacherry,South Asia Research Assistance Service, ollur, Kerala.</div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Picture of processional cross of Muttuchira is taken from the book Christianity in India, a History in ecumenical perspective, Edited by Rev Fr H C Perumalil CMI and Rev E R Hambye S J, Prakasam Publications, Alleppey, India 1972</div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Picture of the iron cross of Niranam is taken from The Thomapedia, The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, Ed Prof. George Menacherry.</div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />References.</span></div>
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<div id="edn1">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Wikipedia article
Herat, Afghanistan, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat accessed on 14 December
2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="edn2">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Encyclopedia
Britanica article Khorasan, accessed on 25 April 2015.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316850/Khorasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="edn3">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Robert Guisepi, Ed. A History of the Parthians, The
International History Project. http://history-world.org/parthians.htm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Wikipedia article
Greater Khorasan accessed on 25 April 2015.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
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<div id="edn5">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Alphons Mingana,
Early Spread of Christianity in Central Asia and the far east, a new document,
Bulletin of John Rylands Library, Manchester, Vol 9, July 1925, no 2, p 308.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pier Gieorgio
Borbone, Some Aspects of Turco- Mongol Christianity in the light of Literacy
and Epigraphic Syriac sources, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, Vol 19, No
2 2005 p 7 citing P Bedjan, Ed. Historie de mar Aba, in Historie de Mar
Jaballaha, de trois autres patriarches, d'un prete et de deux laiques nestoriens, paris 1895, pp 266-269 A Christian Priest arrived at the court of the Persian sovereign,
Khusraw I Anushirwan, as an envoy from the Hephthalites, with the request to
Mar Aba to order him Bishop before his people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Christopher Buck,
The Universality of the Church of the East: How Persian was Persian
Christianity, The Journal of Assyrian Academic Society,10.1: 1996,p67.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alphons Mingana, Early Spread of Christianity in Central
Asia and the Far East, , a new document, Bulletin of John Rylands Library,
Manchester, Vol 9, July 1925, no 2. p 298.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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of John Rylands Library, Manchester,vol 78.3:1996.p121<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Erica Hunter, Opus
cit p 134.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> A Mingana, opus cit ,
p319<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Erica Hunter, opus
cit. p 142<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Philippe Gignoux,
Une Croix de procession de Herat inscrite en pehlevi, Le Museon, 07/2001,;
114(3):pp291-304<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Philippe Gignoux,
Une Croix de procession de Herat inscrite en pehlevi, Le Museon, 07/2001;
114(3):pp291-304<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Shailanand Hemraj,
Pahlavi Text and Imagery Context of the Persian Cross in South India Part I,
Asian Journal of Religious studies, 60/1, Jan- Feb 2015, pp 15-31.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref15" name="_edn15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Philippe Gignoux,
Une Croix de procession de Herat inscrite en pehlevi, Le Museon, 07/2001,;
114(3):pp291-304<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Philippe Gignoux Une
Croix de procession de Herat inscrite en pehlevi, Le Museon, 07/2001,;
114(3):pp291-304<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Front side. Vertically: (top to bottom) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Characters :
[... missing part…]bdk ZY nšyymybwrcly BRE ZY nyšydc <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Reading :..]<b>badagiNišem-burzar pus ī nīšēd-iz<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Front side Horizontally right arm: (scroll from
right to left): <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Characters:
m'lydy ZY gn'ly / yn'ly ZY MN knyšyZY hlydyMNW <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Front side horizontally left arm (scroll from right
to left)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Characters :
ZNH ty 'ywlmyh L ZY klssdy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">p'ky ZY ZYh'lky ZLN
(yn) P (W) N ŠNTdyk 5 (100) 7/17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Reading :<b> Mārē ī NN ī azkanīšHarē(y) kēdādēnēw-ramīhō
Karisisē ī pāk ī padsāl(īg) 507/517<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Front side
translation in French :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> …badag, fils de
Nišem-burzar, qui (voit/écrit) aussi. Mārē, fils de NN, qui (est) de l’église
de Hérat, qui a donné ce (même) troupeau à Karisisē le saint,…, en l’année 507/517<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Back side vertically top to bottom :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Characters:-
[…Missing part…] PWN 'sm'nc L’3'prydgl PWN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Reading :-...<b>pad āsmān-iznēsēāfrīdgar pad<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Back side horizontally right arm scroll from right to left: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Characters:-
zmykclywyhplšh 'y YHWWN myyhm (') n<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Back side horizontally left arm
scroll from right to left: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Charactes:-
‘L knšyyZYmhw 'mwk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Reading:-<b> zamīg-izrēwīhfrašīh ē bav[ēd] mehmānō
kaniš ī-m hu-ammōg<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Translation in French :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt;">
[Nous croyons que?] dans le ciel il n'y a pas trois dieux/créateurs, et sur la
terre que la richesse et le bonheur soient le hôtes de l'église de mon bon
enseignement. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref17" name="_edn17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white; color: #222222;">Christelle Jullien, Chrétiens d’Iran
entre hagiographie et histoire. Avec une nouvelle proposition sur la croix de
Hérat, Studia Iranica. Cahier 43, p175-192, 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref18" name="_edn18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white; color: #222222;">Philippe Gignoux, Une Croix de
procession de Hérat inscrite en pehlevi, Le Muséon, Vol 114, Issue 3-4,
p291-304, 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref19" name="_edn19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Glanville Downey, A Processional Cross, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Bulletin, New series, vol 12, No 9, May 1954, pp 276-280.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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'Khandisa Alaha' hymn in Syriac widely
sung in the saint Thomas Christian Churches in Kerala before the
vernacularisation of the Liturgy in the 1960s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref21" name="_edn21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Erica Cruikshank Dodd, Three
Early Byzantine Silver Crosses, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 41, Studies on Art
and Archeology in Honor of ErnstKitzinger on His Seventy-Fifth Birthday (1987),
pp. 165-179Published by: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> http://www.jstor.org/stable/1291555<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref22" name="_edn22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Erica Cruikshank Dodd, Three
Early Byzantine Silver Crosses, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 41, Studies on Art
and Archeology in Honor of ErnstKitzinger on His Seventy-Fifth Birthday (1987),
pp. 167, Published by: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref23" name="_edn23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Erica Cruikshank Dodd, Three
Early Byzantine Silver Crosses, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 41, Studies on Art
and Archeology in Honor of ErnstKitzinger on His Seventy-Fifth Birthday (1987),
pp. 169, Published by: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> http://www.jstor.org/stable/1291555<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref24" name="_edn24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Erica Cruikshank Dodd, Three
Early Byzantine Silver Crosses, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 41, Studies on Art
and Archeology in Honor of ErnstKitzinger on His Seventy-Fifth Birthday (1987),
pp. 167, Published by: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> http://www.jstor.org/stable/1291555<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref25" name="_edn25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Shailanand Hemraj,
Pahlavi Text and Imagery Context of the Persian Cross in South India Part I, Asian
Journal of Religious studies, 60/1, Jan- Feb 2015, p20.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref26" name="_edn26" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">We have tradition of Muthalalis of Kollam and letters
of Patriarch Timothy regarding such marriages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref27" name="_edn27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">C P T WINKWORTH, <i>A new interpretation
of the Pahlavi Cross inscriptions of South India</i>, The Journal of
Theological studies, April 1929, cited by T K Joseph, Ed Kerala Society Papers
series 3 p159-166 <br />
<br />
Read more: </span><a href="http://www.nasrani.net/2014/02/15/alengad-sliva-neglected-jewel-ancient-christian-settlement-alengad-ancient-christian-artefact-malabar/#ixzz3ZlkVreFJ"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #003399; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.nasrani.net/2014/02/15/alengad-sliva-neglected-jewel-ancient-christian-settlement-alengad-ancient-christian-artefact-malabar/#ixzz3ZlkVreFJ</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref28" name="_edn28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Glanville Downley, A
Processional Cross, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New series, vol
12, No 9, May 1954, p280<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref29" name="_edn29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Wikipedia article Pahlavi Scripts,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts#CITEREFGeigerKuhn2002 accessed on
14 May 2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref30" name="_edn30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> A Mingana, Early
Spread of Christianity in Central Asia and the far east, a new document,
Bulletin of John Rylands Library, Manchester, Vol 9, July 1925, no 2 p300.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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and the far east, a new document, Bulletin of John Rylands Library, Manchester,
Vol 9, July 1925, no 2 p300<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Rechtsbucher III 1914 p 209 A Mingana Early Spread of Christianity in Central
Asia and the far east, a new document, Bulletin of John Rylands Library,
Manchester, Vol 9, July 1925, no 2 p 300-301<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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NIU Ruji, Xinjiang University North west minority research centre Xinjiang
University, Urumbqi, 830046, Nestorian
inscriptions in Syriac script found on silk road in China. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Scribal Practices in the Turfan Christian Community, Journal of canadian
Society for Syriac studies, 13, (2013) p5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Pier Giorgio Borbone, Some Aspects of Turco Mongol Christianity in the light of
Literary and Epigraphic Syriac Sources, JAAS vol 19, no 2 2005 p 17.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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and of his Vicar Bar Sauma, Columbia University Press, 1927, p 44 .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Thomas Kalayil CMI p 1-2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">J P M Van Der Ploeg O P D S Th., D S Scr. Professor of Old Testament
exegesis, Hebrew and Syriac at Nijmegen University, Introduction to the book
Thomas Arayathinal, M.O.L., Aramaic Grammar, Mannanam 1957pp i-iii, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">His Grace the Most Rev.Joseph Cardinal Parecattil, the late
Archbishop of Ernaculam, Sathyadeepam, Vol 31, No 27, FEb 26, 1958.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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http://www.eyeofthetiber.com/2014/08/07/report-some-2nd-century-roman-christians-hated-latin-mass-because-it-was-said-in-the-vernacular/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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accesssed on 13 May 2015. This document was part of a
letter written by an anonymous frustrated Christian to a friend in response to
an angry letter about the expanding use of vernacular in Masses in Rome. <span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An excerpt of the letter has been translated by the <i>Office of
Linguistic Studies</i> of the Catholic Church and has been transcribed
below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Dearest Brother,</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Greetings be
upon you, and upon you be greetings. May the peace and grace of our Lord Jesus
Christ, from whom all good things come, bless you and your home. From your
dispatch, I have learned the unsettling news that many of our brethren in Rome
are irritated that some are beginning to use vernacular during the Lord’s
Supper. I myself, in common with many others, was full of sorrow when your
dispatch arrived with the unsettling news that the holiness and beauty of
Aramaic has been usurped by Latin; for you have given me sad news that this new
vernacular Mass is doing much dishonor to the traditions that have been passed
down to us by the Lord and the apostles themselves. I, therefore, must admonish
you to stay clear from those that uphold such scandal to the Supper of the
Lord, and in all due diligence must inform you that this new order of the
Lord’s Supper is an abomination at best. Though your private letter to me
contained a somewhat slight expression of your angst, I can assure you that it
gave me pleasure that you were grieved, for, by grievance you have proven
yourself to the Lord. More importantly, you have proven yourself a true
Christian, more Christian than Sixtus, for there is nothing in which I
habitually find greater satisfaction and true holiness than in bitterness and
hostility. I am overjoyed that you propose to write a letter to Sixtus in all
capital letter and with an abundance of exclamation marks. I also write to
inform you that in response to this news, I propose now to make bishop of you,
as well as Alexander, Aurelius, and our beloved Lucias, whose minds I trust are
in accord with our own. This, I shall do without the permission of Sixtus. For
he, it seems, has fallen in to grave sin when he gave ear to a number of Jews
to assist in reforming the Lord’s Supper during his meeting last month with
fellow bishops in his territory. I shall end this letter by telling you
that our new “society” shall ever and always pretentiously look down upon those
that…”</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref39" name="_edn39" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Eusebius, Historia
Ecclesiastica, 1, 13.cited by Samuel Moffett, Christianity in Asia, Vol I
Beginnings to 1500, p 48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref40" name="_edn40" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Acts of the
Apostles, 2:09-13 The Holy Bible, The new revised standard version, Catholic
Edition, Published by Thomas Nelson, for theological publications, India, Acts
of the Apostles, 2:09-11.Holy Bible from the ancient Eastern Text, Geroge M
Lamsa's translation from the Aramaic of the Peshitta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref41" name="_edn41" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> David Wilmhurst, The
Martyred Church, A History of the Church of the East, East and West Publishing
Ltd 2011, p8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref42" name="_edn42" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Michael Nazir- Ali,
Christianity in Iran, a brief survey, International Journal for the study of
ChristianChurch, vol 9, no 1, February 2009, p 32-33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref43" name="_edn43" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Eliz Sanasarian (1998) Babi</span><span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif; font-size: 12pt;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">bahais,
Christians, and Jews in<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Iran, Iranian Studies,
31:3-4, 615-624, DOI: </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.1080/00210869808701936<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref44" name="_edn44" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> A Christian van
Gorder, Christianity in Persia and the status of non Muslims in Iran, lexington
Books, p24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref45" name="_edn45" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> A Christian van
Gorder, Christianity in Persia and the status of non Muslims in Iran, lexington
Books, p25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Gorder, Christianity in Persia and the status of non Muslims in Iran, lexington
Books, p25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Gorder, Christianity in Persia and the status of non Muslims in Iran, lexington
Books p30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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cit p11-12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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opus cit p 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Wilhelm Baum and Dietmar W Winkler, The Church of the East, a Concise History,
Routledge Curzon London and New York, p165.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal;">(51)Joel Thomas Walker, The Legend of Mar
Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq, University of California press, 2006, p102<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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cit, p133.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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cit p 134<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Sassanids and Maritime trade of India during early medieval period - Maritime
India: Trade religion and polity in the indian ocean p3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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opus cit 59.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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lost churches of the Arabian Gulf: recent discoveries on the islands of Sir
Bani Yas and Marawah, Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates, Proceedings of
the Seminar for Arabian Studies, Vol. 31, Papers from the thirty-fourth meeting
of the Seminar for Arabian Studies held in London, 20-22 July 2000 (2001), pp.
47-57 Published by: Archaeopress, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41223670
Accessed: 04-05-2015 10:45 UTC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Cross, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Bulletin, New Series, Vol. 12, No. 9 (May, 1954), pp.276-280<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Byzentine Figural processional Crosses, Catalogue of an exhibition at Dumbarton oaks 23 September 1994 through
29 January 1995, Dumbarton Oaks Byzentine collection publication no 10, p 28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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I, The Cross, its place in the Hudra and its sign in baptism and Eucharist,
Doctoral dissertation submitted to Pontificium Institutum Orientalium
Studiorum, Facultas Scientarum Ecclesiasticarum orientalium Roma 1971 Directed
by Rev Alphons Raes S J , p 67-68<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Muttuchira Sliva and Lithic inscriptions- Landmark Monuments of saint Thomas
Christians of India, www.nasrani.net,
http://www.nasrani.net/muttuchira+church+sliva+lithic+inscriptions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Antiquities of Sam Thome and Mailappore, 1936, p 346<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Mr T.K.Joseph, the Secretary of the
Kerala Society founded modelled on the Royal Asiatic Society and a famous
Historian, letter dated 03/10/1926 cited by H Hosten, opus cit p 346, also note
foot note 2 p 346.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Stone Crosses of Kerala-Saint Thomas Cross, Nazraney Sthambams, and other Persian Crosses,
http://www.nasrani.net/2007/01/16/ancient-stone-crosses-of-kerala-saint-thomas-cross-nazraney-sthambams-persian-crosses/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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cit, p 552<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Spread of Christianity in Central Asia and the far east, A new document, p
431-42.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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British Museaum, Cross and the Dragonor the fortunes of Christianity in China
with notices of the Christian Missions and Missionaries and some accounts of
the Chinese secret societies, Smith, Elder and Co Cornhill, AD 1854 p 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Searching for Jesus on the Silk Road, p 23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://old.ut.uz/eng/kaleidoscope/new_archeological_finding_discovered_in_samarkand.mgr
accessed on 02 May 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Herat%20Cross/Final%20version/The%20Pahlavi%20inscribed%20Processional%20Cross%20of%20Herat,%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20Pahlavi%20Crosses%20of%20South%20India15May2015.docx#_ednref69" name="_edn69" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[69]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Charles Payngott
CMI, The Cross, its place in the Hudra and its sign in baptism and Eucharist,
Doctoral dissertation submitted to Pontificium Institutum Orientalium
Studiorum, Facultas Scientarum Ecclesiasticarum orientalium Roma 1971 Directed
by Rev Alphons Raes S J p 40-41<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Charles Payngott CMI The Cross, its place in the Hudra and its sign in
baptism and Eucharist, Doctoral dissertation submitted to Pontificium
Institutum Orientalium Studiorum, Facultas Scientarum Ecclesiasticarum
orientalium Roma 1971 Directed by Rev Alphons Raes S J p 41 foot note 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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opus cit pp 47-48, 52-54<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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opus cit p60.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Charles Payngott, opus cit p 67.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ed. Thomapedia, the Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, plate 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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concise History, Routledge Curzon, 2003, preface.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-31116978205207798302014-10-27T19:37:00.000+00:002014-12-01T11:08:12.868+00:00MUTTUCHIRA SLIVA AND LITHIC INSCRIPTIONS: LANDMARK MONUMENTS OF SAINT THOMAS CHRISTIANS OF INDIA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QT9zVsqmsdg/VEuS3mKDJQI/AAAAAAAAI14/2nhe3Us4IQI/s1600/Muttuchira%2BSliva.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QT9zVsqmsdg/VEuS3mKDJQI/AAAAAAAAI14/2nhe3Us4IQI/s1600/Muttuchira%2BSliva.jpg" height="640" width="460" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The ancient Christians of the Malabar Coast of India
are known as the Saint Thomas Christians. They are also known locally as 'The
Nasranis'. They were ecclesiastically connected to the Church of the East, also
known as the East Syrian Church which at its peak extended from Mesopotamia to
China through Arabia, India and Central Asia.. The Eastern Church was separated
from the rest of the Christendom from time of the Synod of Ephesus. This was mainly due to
political reasons but doctrinal
differences like 'Nestorianism' was also accused on the Eastern Church. The so called 'Nestorianism' seems to be a
misunderstanding due to the expression of the faith using certain ambiguous terms
in the Greek language. Dr Adrian Fortescue writes ‘we saw that Greek words used
in the Nestorian controversy are sometimes ambiguous and add to the confusion by
the fact that we are not always sure what the people who use them mean .’<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> With the works of Babai, the Great of 6th
century<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and the visit of Patriarch Ishoyahb II
(628-643 AD) to Antioch in the 7th century<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
the doctrinal differences became reconciled,
but due to geographical and political reasons, the Church of the East continued
to be alienated from the rest of the Christendom.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><b><span 115="" 12pt="" font-size:="" imes="" line-height:="" new="" roman="" serif="">Interference
with the Christianity of the West</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">With the Crusades in
the medieval period, the Churches in the East caught attention of the Religio political interests of the
European Christianity. Missionaries from
the Europe were sent to Babylon and the rest of the East. Their tactic was to
begin a friendly relationship with the native Churches and then subjugate them.
This resulted in divisions and revolts. Eventually,
in Babylon, the Church of the East( The East Syrian Church) was divided into
the Chaldean and Assyrian Churches whereas in Malabar, India, the Church of Saint
Thomas Christians divided into several fragments due to the interference of
multiple colonial forces.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Muttuchira in South India portrays certain
landmark monuments describing the early friendly phase and the later subjugation phase of these relationship-
the Muttuchira inscriptions and the Muttuchira Sliva.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>Muttuchira.</b><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Muttuchira is a village in the Kottayam Districtlocated
in the South Indian State of Kerala.
Muttuchira was called Nayappalli in
ancient records<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
According to local tradition, the Christian settlement of Muttuchira was
established in the sixth century.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Antonio
Gouvea, the Portuguese traveller who accompanied Alexis De Menezes, the
Archbishop of Goa, documented Menezes’
visit of Muttuchira in AD 1599. Gouvea
used the term Nayapili to denote Muttuchira.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> In the British Museum Sloanne MS 9907,
probably written in around 1676 AD, mentions Muttuchira Church as "the
Church of 'Spiritu Sancto' (Latin word for Holy Spirit) with the following
villages and bazars annexed: Coddi heli, Param poram, Perium paddy, Tanara chera,
Cheri Omellur, May mure, Nin dure , Herle nelha cara"<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These places have been identified as Kulavely, Parampram, Thiruvanpady,
Thamarachira, Cheriomelloor, Memury, Neendoor,
and Eravimamngalakkara<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Johannes Facundus Raulin<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> in
1740s in his book 'Historia Ecclesia Malabaricae' uses the term Muttieri. Anquetil Du Perron, a
French Scholar and Orientalist in
January 1758, mentions about the Catholic church of Holy Ghost at Muttiera and
its oratory of Saint Sebastian had been burnt by the Raja of Travancore<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Local
tradition mentions that the Church was attacked
by the parchave or Padshaw. Paulinus De
Bartholomew, an Austrian Missionary and an orientalist who was in Kerala during
1774-1789 period also mentions about the
Holy Ghost Church of Muttiera and the oratory of Saint Sebastian.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3ONssRbRxCI/VE61CVrTFhI/AAAAAAAAI2I/T8rqbp2AqZY/s1600/IMG_1062.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3ONssRbRxCI/VE61CVrTFhI/AAAAAAAAI2I/T8rqbp2AqZY/s1600/IMG_1062.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Churches of Muttuchira.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Muttuchira village has several churches. The main
church of Muttuchira, the Ruha D’Qudisha Forane Church compound has two church
buildings face to face with the Open air Rock Cross in the middle. The Church
on the western side of the open air Cross is the main church now. It was built
in AD 1854-58 (Kollam Era 1930-1033)<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
when Rev Fr Kurian Parampil was the vicar.(1859-85).<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The Church on the eastern side is the old church which was also called Ruha D'
Qudisha church but later, in AD 1925, it was renamed as Church of Saint Francis
of Assissi. It was from this church, the Pahlavi inscribed Granite Cross was discovered
in AD 1923 during renovation. This
Church was probably built in AD 1528 by Mar Denha and Mar Jacob Abuna (Mar Avu)
based on the Muttuchira Lithic inscriptions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another Church located on north side of the road is
called 'karottu church'- Church of Saint Sebastian, also called 'prasu palli'
with a small open air Rock Cross in front. A little away on the eastern side of
all these Churches, there is an ancient open air Rock cross and a Chapel of
Saint Anthony. There was an ancient Church in the same location dedicated to
Mar Sliva ( Holy Cross). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There is a Chapel of Saint Teresa on the western
side of the main church complex near the road.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Muttuchira Church is historically important.
Archdeacon Jacob of Muttuchira was a native of Muttuchira and was based in this
church until his death. He was buried in the Church of Saint Francis of
Assissi. He was appointed as Archdeacon by Mar Simon, the Chaldean Bishop who arrived in Malabar in 1576 AD<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
during the time of Mar Abraham, as a rival. Mar Simon was sent to Rome but
Archdeacon Jacob had followers until his death in 1596.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bishop Chandy Parambil (Palliveettil Chandy Metran)
celebrated his first Pontifical Mass at Muttuchira Church in AD 1663.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Saint Alphonsa of India spent her early years in Muttuchira parish<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Saint Alphonsa of India was brought up in her mother's house, the Muricken family of Muttuchira.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Archdeacon Jacob of Muttuchira.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1576 AD, Mar Simon, a Bishop from Babylon arrived
in Kerala<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn18" name="_ednref18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
as a rival to Mar Abraham, the Chaldean Catholic Bishop who was in Kerala
already<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn19" name="_ednref19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.Mar
Simon was based at Kaduthuruthy and caused a schism among the Thomas
Christians. As Mar Abraham had already made certain latinisations, many
Christians followed Mar Simon. Two Franciscan Missionaries who arrived from Malacca and Macao in 1583 AD, tactically collaborated with Mar Simon and sent him to Rome<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn20" name="_ednref20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. It
has been documented that Mar Simon, accompanied by a Franciscan missionary arrived
in Rome in December 1584<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn21" name="_ednref21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. He
was sent to Lisbon and kept in a Franciscan Friary and died in 1599AD<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn22" name="_ednref22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Before
he left to Rome, Mar Simon appointed Cathanar Jacob of Muttuchira as his
Archdeacon. Cathanar Jacob was of Nadackal family<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn23" name="_ednref23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
It was this Cathanar Jacob who built the old Church of Ruha D' Qudisha which
was renamed as the Church of Saint Francis of Assissi and the Church of Saint Sebastian
in Muttuchira. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Paul J Madathil, a local journalist during the
period 1925 AD gives a different version, based on the local tradition that Fr
Jacob, who was an administrator of a diocese in France or Portugal built these
churches. It has to be noted that even when Mar Simon was in custody in
Portugal, he was in constant touch with Cathanar Jacob through letters in which
Mar Simon styled himself as the Metropolitan of India<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn24" name="_ednref24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Archdeacon
Jacob maintained his authority even when Mar Simon was in Lisbon. He refused to
accept the Gregorian Calendar, taught his followers to recite the Chaldean
Divine Office, consecrated altars, chalices etc<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn25" name="_ednref25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Thus, Cathanar Jacob was an Archdeacon/administrator of Mar Simon who was in
Lisbon and received regular letters and instructions from Lisbon. This might be
the reason why people later assumed that
he was an Archdeacon/administrator of a Bishop/diocese in Portugal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Archdeacon Jacob refused to accept Mar Abraham and
continued his activities to uphold the Chaldean way of life. Archbishop Menezes
wrote to him that Mar Simon has been convicted in Rome and not in his orders
now, asking Archdeacon Jacob to submit to the Papal authority and even offered
large promises and favours.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn26" name="_ednref26" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Archdeacon Jacob died in AD 1596.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Paul J Madathil, based on the local traditions, comments that Cathanaar Jacob built the Saint Sebastian's
Church- the Prasu Church of Muttuchira and rebuilt the old Church of Ruha D' Qudisha (the Church of Saint Francis of
Assissi). Besides, he also built Churches at Kothanalloor, Elanji, and another
local Church. Paul J Madathil also confirms the local tradition that Cathanar
Jacob was buried in the Church of Saint Francis of Assissi. This information
has been confirmed by Mr Karottu C George, a local historian and a Headmaster
at Muttuchira in 1925 AD.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn28" name="_ednref28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5Ep4p4oPq1c/VE61RXHPPOI/AAAAAAAAI2Q/1ETxh2plAnA/s1600/Muttuchira%2BInscriptions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5Ep4p4oPq1c/VE61RXHPPOI/AAAAAAAAI2Q/1ETxh2plAnA/s1600/Muttuchira%2BInscriptions.jpg" height="183" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NBqop27YUq0/VE61V0aQINI/AAAAAAAAI2Y/RvRFmS0ccv0/s1600/P8121258.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NBqop27YUq0/VE61V0aQINI/AAAAAAAAI2Y/RvRFmS0ccv0/s1600/P8121258.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn28" name="_ednref28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></a></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn28" name="_ednref28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Muttuchira Lithic inscriptions.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Muttuchira lithic inscriptions are early Malayalam inscriptions- Vattezhuthu-
Nanam Monum- on a granite tablet found in Muttuchira. The 'Muttuchira inscriptions'
are inscriptions narrating about the
installation of the free standing Cross
and the Pahlavi inscribed bas relief cross-The 'Muttuchira Sliva'. The
inscriptions are on a rectangular granite slab in two sections divided by a
vertical line in between. According to Mr T K Joseph<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn29" name="_ednref29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
this inscription must be of AD1581 or later. This tablet has been the subject
of extensive research by many scholars. This granite slab was found
on the western wall of the ground floor room of the two storey building
attached to the northern side of the old Church of the Holy Ghost. The upper
story was used as the Priest's Home and the ground floor was used as the
sacristy.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn30" name="_ednref30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn30" name="_ednref30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">T K Joseph.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr T K Joseph was an eminent historian and was the
Secretary of the Kerala Society that was formed modelled on the Royal Asiatic
Society.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr T K Joseph examined the inscription on 25
September 1929.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn31" name="_ednref31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The left half of the inscription reads-<b><i>maaran echo michiyha perannittu
1528 math ee nelathu chuddamana tiliva niruthi, thampurante kalpanayal mar
thana mar avu kee varukeethu pirathiyum
kooda. Ithinte chezham porathukal desathu poyi thante marumagan mathai
pathiriyum kooda.</i></b><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The right half reads- <b><i>Michiyha pirannittu 1580
matham kanni njyar 13 nu mar thilivayude
perunnaalku ee mar thiliva edutha marathil pothinju niruthi, mar chemayon
methranum pathiri yakobum. kaalam ithu 18 am nu perunnalkku ee uthira kurishu
vachu. 1581 matham meenam njayar 19 am nu thukka velli azhcha naal ikaringal
thiliva niruthi</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The translation of the left half <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">By the command of the Thamburan (King of Kaduthuruthy ? Or is it the Lord Almighty ?)
in AD 1528 Mar Thana (Mar Denha) and Mar Avu alongwith Giwargis Padre, installed this Holy
Cross in this place. After this, Giwargis padre went to Portugal alongwith his
nephew Mathai padre. (In AD 1580, kanni
13 sunday, on the day of the feast of Holy Cross, this mar Sliba was erected covered in wood (?), by Bishop Mar Simon and
Jacob Padre. Same year, on the day of 18th
on the day of the feast, this bleeding Cross was installed. AD 1581
meenam month on the 29th friday good friday, this granite Cross was installed.)<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Translation of the right half<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On September 13(a syrian date), 1580 AD on the feast
of the Holy Cross, this Holy Cross was installed, covered with wood and set up
by Bishop Mar Simon and Father Jacob. The same year, on the feast of the 18th
(Dec 18th) this bleeding Cross (resembling the bleeding Cross of Mailapore) was
installed. This granite Cross was set up on Good Friday, 29th March 1581.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr A S Ramanatha Ayyar, the
Superintendent of Archaeology, Tranvancore State.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">First section.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 1: Maaron
Eecho Mishi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 2: yha
perannitte 152<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 3: 8
maathe ee nelathu shudda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 4: m
ana thiliva iru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 5: thi
thampurante kalp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 6: anayal
Maar Thana Mara <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 7: yuu
keevarkeethu miruthi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 8: yum
kooda ithin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 9: nte
chelam porthakaal <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line10: thesathu
poo(y) thante<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 11: marumakan
mathaai paa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 12: thiriyum
kooda<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Second section<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 1: Michiyha perannittu 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 2: 580
mathe kanni njayir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 3: 13 thiyati maru tilivaade<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 4: perunnaalkke ee maar thili<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 5: va eduthu manthil(marthil) po<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 6: tinje niruthi maru chema<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 7: on mettharanum pati<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 8: ri Yakkobum + kanni<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 9: te 18 thiyati perunnaalke ee<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 10: thara
kuriche vechchu + 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line11: 81 mathe mina njayar 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 12: 9
thiyati tukkavelli alch<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 13: cha
naal ee kkaringal tiliva<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 14: niruthi <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This is almost as read by Mr T K Joseph. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
translation of first half:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In AD 1528, a Holy Cross was installed on this land by
Mar Thana, Mar Avoo and Geevarghese miruthi (? pathiri) with the order of the
Lord. After this, along with his nephew Mathai pathiri, he went to Portugal.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Second half : <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AD 1580 in the month Kanni 13 th Sunday, on the day
of the feast of Holy Cross, this Holy Cross was erected covered with (wood ?
sand?).by Bishop Mar Simon and padre Yakkob.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> On kanni 18th
on the day of the feast, installed this thara cross ? Uthira kurisu- bleeding
Cross.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1581 in the month meenam 29th on the day of Good Friday,
installed this granite Cross.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This granite slab inscriptions talk about events that
happened in AD 1528 along with 1580 and 1581. We can understand that in AD
1528, a cross was installed on the ground by two Bishops Mar Denha and Probably
Mar (Jacob) Abuna<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn32" name="_ednref32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
along with Geevarghese, with the order of the Lord ? King ? God ? ( All the celebrations of the Thomas
Christians begin with the phrase- 'With the order of the Lord Isho Mishiha'-
example- Pukdanakon- Pukdane da Mishiha in the Holy Qurbana, similar phrases
are seen in the order of marriage also). This could be similar, with the order
of our Lord, this Cross was placed in this land by Mar Denha and Mar Aboona,
along with Geevarghese, who left for Portugal with his nephew Mathai pathiri. This
could mean that they blessed the land in preparation to build a church there. They
might have received permission from the local King.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The term pathiri used here is very interesting, as
at such an early period of contact with the Portuguese, did the Saint Thomas
Christians use the term Padre instead of the traditional term Cathanaar ? Was
this Geevargese a foreign padre ? If he was a foreign padre, then his name
would have been George rather than Geevarghese, a rather syriac name. Or, what
we are reading as pathiri could be something else. The travel to Portugal means
the Saint Thomas Christian community was in good friendship with the Portuguese
Missionaries. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The second half is about events in AD 1580-81
period. In Line 1-6, it says, on Kanni 13 Sunday, on the day of the feast of
the Holy Cross, this Holy Cross was erected and covered with wood ? sand-
(marathil-manthil). Or is it something else that we read as marathil/ manthil ?
Is it talking about placing the Pahlavi inscribed Cross on a wooden frame ? or
it may mean that the Pahlavi cross was covered with the new wooden 'raredos' (rathaal)
which was taken down in AD 1923 when the Sliva was rediscovered.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 6-8 talks about presence of Bishop Mar Simon
and Yakkob. We know that Mar Simon in AD 1581 was the Chaldean Bishop who
arrived in AD 1576 as a rival to Mar Abraham. His Archdeacon was Cathanar Jacob,
who was a native of Muttuchira. We have to assume that this part of the
inscription is talking about Mar Simon and Archdeacon Jacob of Muttuchira.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lines 8-14 :On Kanniite 18- could be a Syriac month
for December 18- on the day of the feast of Holy Cross, installed this thara
kurichu. (There are a few interpretations for this ee thara kurishu. Initially
it was considered thara- metal, or pithala- brass or chithra- ornamental. The
researchers initially thought it was mentioning about the bell metal cross of
Muttuchira. But later, Mr T K Joseph came up with the reading uthira kurishu
meaning ruthira kurishu- bleeding cross.). It has to be noted that, here,
instead of Tiliva (Sliva) as used before, the inscribers are using the word 'kurish'
which came from Portuguese language. The inscribers have used both 'Sliva' and 'kurish'
here.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This slab is a very important monument in the Nasrani history. It narrates the
installation the crosses in Muttuchira, both the free standing granite cross
and the uthira kurishu- replica of bleeding cross- the Saint Thomas Cross. This
is agreeing with the witnesses of early Portuguese writers and other sources
that the Mar Thoma Sliva was the only religious symbol adorned in the altars of
our Churches before the arrival of the Portuguese Missionaries. It shows a
number of points to show a close collaboration with the foreign missionaries-
usage of the word cross instead of Sliva, usage of the word padre instead of
cathanaar, and the event of two Priests travelling to Portugal. These denote
the friendly phase of the relation of Saint Thomas Christians with the Western
Missionaries.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YNVoInQ5s3k/VE6137rFgHI/AAAAAAAAI2k/PeCC3PWlUy8/s1600/P8121256.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YNVoInQ5s3k/VE6137rFgHI/AAAAAAAAI2k/PeCC3PWlUy8/s1600/P8121256.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W0e6mXDXLmI/VE7BvMtYeMI/AAAAAAAAI3M/34RwUZMh5yw/s1600/Muttuchira%2BSliva.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W0e6mXDXLmI/VE7BvMtYeMI/AAAAAAAAI3M/34RwUZMh5yw/s1600/Muttuchira%2BSliva.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Muttuchira Sliva.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">An ancient Pahlavi inscribed granite Cross was
discovered at Muttuchira Church in AD 1923. This was a granite tablet with a 'bas relief'
Cross and resembles the 'miraculous Cross of Mailapore' in the design, with a round arch and the
steps and a floral arrangement in the bottom like a lotus and a descending dove
on the top but unlike the Mailapore Cross, it has no pillars or dolphins on the
sides. It is about 2 feet 8 inches in length with 2 feet wide and about 5
inches in thickness. There found on the outer edge, inscriptions in two lines
that had been mutilated and a few
letters are visible on the left side for about 24 inches in length. The outer
line of inscription has been confirmed as Pahlavi as in all the rest of the Pahlavi
inscribed crosses of South India- the 'Mar Thoma Sliva'. The inner line of
inscriptions are illegible.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn33" name="_ednref33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
They could be ornamentations rather than inscriptions.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The inscriptions on Muttuchira Sliva.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Muttuchira Sliva bears Pahlavi inscriptions
around the round arch edge on a narrow belt. But the belt of the tablet on
which the inscriptions were made was badly mutilated but only a a length of 24
inches from the left upright limb escaped the damage.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn34" name="_ednref34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
There is another smaller belt runs inside this outer belt with some illegible
inscriptions. Mr B T Anklesaria identified this inscription also as Pahlavi and
deciphered the inner inscription as 'Lord Messiah the supreme...' while the outer inscription as similar to the rest
of the Pahlavi inscribed Crosses of South India<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn35" name="_ednref35" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Professor F C Burkitt of the Cambridge University comments that the outer
inscription that remains reads as "The Syrian who cut this".
Professor Burkitt also comments that the inner inscription could be Syriac but
due to the mutilation of the stone and reading from a photograph, he could not
confirm anything<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn36" name="_ednref36" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Systematic mutilation of the inscriptions
?<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On the rediscovery of this 'sliva' in 1923 AD, Paul
Madathil wrote that at the time the wooden 'raredos' (rathaal)was pulled down,
only not more than one span of the inscription was damaged.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn37" name="_ednref37" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">H Hosten
commented about this as follows. "If only one span was damaged, it
would follow that the rest of the damage was carried out systematically with a
view to do away with the inscription and the decoration at the foot. It will be
an evil day for Malabar Archaeology and history when such methods can be considered
proper, whatever the intension may be or the cause to be benefitted. The cause
to be benefitted might be the theory of Nestorianism....<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn38" name="_ednref38" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>"<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Discovery of the Sliva.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The accidental discovery of this Cross was reported
by eminent personalities of the time like Mr A S Ramanatha Iyyer,
Superintendent of Archaeology, State of Travancore<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn39" name="_ednref39" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
Mr T K Joseph<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn40" name="_ednref40" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xl]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
an eminent historian, Mr Paul Madathil<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn41" name="_ednref41" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xli]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, a
local journalist, Rev Fr Jacob Murickan, a former Vicar of the Ruha D' Qudisha
Forane Church at Muttuchira, Rev Fr.
Joseph Pediyekkal<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn42" name="_ednref42" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
who was the vicar of the Church in Athirampuzha and former Vicar of Muttuchira
Church 1912-1915, Mr V C George<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn43" name="_ednref43" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xliii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
a local historian, Mr Karottu C George of Muttuchira-Malayalam novelist and a Headmaster
at Muttuchira., Mr George P Murickel<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn44" name="_ednref44" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xliv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, a
local historian and journalist.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr Paul Madathil who had written an article in the
local vernacular news paper, reported a detailed account of the discovery. The
Cross was found in the old Church which was dedicated to Ruha D' Qudisha, being
renovated and rededicated to Saint Francis of Assissi in AD 1925 period. This old church is still present dedicated to
Saint Francis of Assissi in front of the main Church opposite to the open air
rock cross situated east to west with the altar on the east end.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The old Church stood east west with the 'madbaha' (altar) on
the east. It had three 'madbahas', a central main altar and two side altars.
The Pahlavi inscribed cross was found built into the wall of the northern altar
at a height of about 7 feet from the floor, when the wooden 'raredos' (rathaal)
was taken down as part of renovation. The 'raredos' was built over a wooden
frame covering the Pahlavi inscribed cross. This may be what the Muttuchira
Lithic inscription of AD 1580 describes as 'marathil pothinju' meaning covered
with wood.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rev Fr. Joseph Peediyekkal, a former vicar of
Muttuchira Church (1912-1915), reported that "The Persian Cross is said to
have been covered over by a wooden framework. It was on this framework, an
altar was erected and thus the cross lay buried for many years under the altar
wall, till it was recently discovered on the occasion of the rebuilding of the
Church"<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn45" name="_ednref45" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr A S Ramanatha Iyyer, the then Superintendent of
Archaeology of the State of Travancore visited the Church on learning about this discovery,
reported in Travancore Archaeological Series that " I was told that this
church was originally called the Church of the Holy Ghost (Syriac Ruha D' Qudisha)
and that it was proposed to rechristen it on completion (of renovation) as the
Church of Saint Francis of Assissi. The tablet Cross (Pahlavi inscribed bas
relief cross on granite) appears to have been brought hither from centuries ago
from another old church which had probably existed elsewhere nearby and it was
found in the foundation of the altar of this chapel, when the flooring was
raked up during the repairs "<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn46" name="_ednref46" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn46" name="_ednref46" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It seems that Mr Ramanatha Iyyer gives a little bit
different version of the finding. He has
visited the site and did investigations. He seems to be a Tamil speaking man,
as he has deciphered the 'vattezhuthu' inscriptions in Tamil and also use Tamil
pronunciation for Muttuchira- 'Muttusira'.
There could be an element of language barrier behind this slightly different
version stating that the cross was found on the foundation when he floor was
raked up. Two tombs were found when the floor was raked up which has been
reported by Mr George P Murickel and also Rev Fr Pediyekkal. Neither Mr. Murickel
nor Mr.V C George give an exact description of the discovery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It seems that Paul Madathil's version could be right
as he was a native and might have been present when the discovery was made or
definitely confirmed with witnesses, as he reported that there were many
witnesses. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Muttuchira Lithic inscriptions describes about
setting up of this church and the cross in AD 1528 and 1581.Therefore, this
church in the name of Ruha D' Qudisha which became the Church of Saint Francis
of Assissi was founded in AD 1528. It also talks about setting up of the 'uthira
kurishu'- bleeding Cross- the Mar Thoma Sliva in AD 1581 and also of another
granite Cross- Karingal tiliva- most probably an open air rock cross.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This means, after about 53 years of the building of
the church, they found the ancient Pahlavi inscribed Cross and installed it on
the side altar. Where did that come from
? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The origin of the Pahlavi Inscribed
Cross- the Mar Thoma Sliva.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr Ramanatha Iyyer reports that this Cross was
brought to this church from another ancient church nearby. This could have been
a local tradition of that time. So, there was another much older church nearby.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There are several possibilities.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1 The Church of the Ruha D' Qudisha which was renamed
as Church of Saint Francis of Assissi was the first ever church of Muttuchira. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> The local
tradition says they had an ancient church founded in 6 th century AD. Setting
up of a Cross on the ground by two
Bishops as described in the Muttuchira Lithic inscriptions could be the
blessing of the ground for a new Church. That means their ancient Church was
not in this property. The local tradition states that the ancient Church was a
little east of this property at a place 'Kurisummoodu' means 'near the cross'
where there is still an ancient open air cross. The Chapel of Saint Anthony is
also in this place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If this was a brand new church that was built in
1528 AD, the Cross could have been brand new or brought from elsewhere. Could
be from a nearby place or from far away places like Kodungalloor as the
Kottayam valiya palli crosses. Here, there is no local traditions to support
this theory.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2 The construction in AD 1528- 1581 was a
renovation/ demolition and reconstruction of an old church. Then this Cross could have been from the old
church.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3 There was an ancient church at Muttuchira and for
some reasons, they built a new church nearby and brought the old cross here. This
is what Mr Iyyer reports in his article in Travancore Archaeological series vol
7 part 2.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn47" name="_ednref47" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Mr George P Murickel reports that 'it is supposed that the cross was taken to
the church from a certain part of Muttuchira itself where now stands the chapel
of Saint Anthony.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn48" name="_ednref48" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn48" name="_ednref48" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, it is clear that there was another ancient
Church at Muttuchira where now stands the Chapel of Saint Anthony ! Rev Fr
Jacob Muricken , the Vicar of Muttuchira Church at the time enlists a number of
Churches and chapels around Muttuchira Church<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn49" name="_ednref49" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
He confirms that there was a chapel on
the eastern side of the main Church at Muttuchira and the Church of Saint
Francis of Assissi which stands in front
of the main Church, dedicated to Saint Anthony but the old name was Holy Cross.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Therefore, there was an ancient Church dedicated to
Holy Cross- Mar Sliva at Muttuchira which was demolished and renamed as the Chapel of Saint Anthony. Mr George P
Murickel also reports that the 'pahlavi inscribed cross' was taken from this
chapel of Saint Anthony. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ancient Mar Sliva Church of Muttuchira.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, the picture is clear. The most ancient Church
at Muttuchira was a Mar Sliva Church where the Pahlavi inscribed Cross- Mar
Sliva was placed. In AD 1528, a new Church was built at the eastern side of the
present Church complex dedicated to Ruha D' Qudisha and the Pahlavi inscribed Cross was installed
in the altar in AD 1581. Later at some time, the church was renovated and a new
wooden altar- 'raredos' (raathaal) was built over the Pahlavi inscribed cross.
This could be what the Muttuchira Lithic inscription describes as 'marathil
pothinju' in AD 1581. The local faithful renovated the old Ruha D' Qudisha
Church and renamed it as Church of Saint Francis of Assissi in AD 1925.During
this renovation, the Pahlavi inscribed Cross was accidentally found. By this
time, the present day Ruha D Kudisha church was already built and the Pahlavi
inscribed cross was placed on the inside of the facade of the Church<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn50" name="_ednref50" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[l]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Now,
this Cross has been placed on the side altar of the main Church at Muttuchira.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is quite interesting to note that there was an
ancient Church dedicated to Mar Sliva at
Muttuchira with an ancient Sliva. As recorded by early Portuguese writers, this
Sliva might have been kept in the 'madbaha' as we have seen recorded in
Kodungalloor, Mailapore, Kumarimuttam, Alengad and Kollam.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Madbaha adorned with only the Mar
Thoma Sliva- the ancient tradition of Malabar.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Before the arrival of the European Missionaries, in the
Churches of Saint Thomas Christians, the 'madbaha' was adored with only
a plain cross. These plain Crosses were all in the model of the Pahlavi
inscribed granite Crosse of Mailappore- the Saint Thomas Crosses. This has been
witnessed by many authors, mostly the early
Portuguese writers.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.Duarte Barbosa. 1514 AD<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Duarte Barbosa was a Portuguese traveller who came
with Cabral in AD 1498. He continued exploring the South India and wrote a book
narrating the description of Malabar and
the coromandel coast of South India in AD 1517.
Barbosa describes the tradition of Crosses in the 'madbaha' of the
Churches of Saint Thomas Christians. Barbosa confirms that these Crosses were
plain Crosses. Barbosa narrates clearly
about Crosses in the Churches at Quilon and Kumary muttam near Cape
Comorin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2 Antonio Gouvea 1599AD<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Antonio Gouvea accompanied Archbishop Alexis De
Menezes during his visits to the Churches of Saint Thomas Christians. He clearly
documented that all of the Churches of Saint Thomas Christians were adored
with plain crosses like that of miracle of S. Thomae.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn51" name="_ednref51" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[li]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
accounts of Gouvea clearly witnesses two points about the ecclesiastical milieu
at the time period before the infamous synod of Diamper- Saint Thomas
Christians used Mar Thoma Sliva- Saint Thomas Crosses only in their 'madbaha'
when the Portuguese arrived and the native Christians called these Crosses as 'Saint
Thomas Crosses'.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Gouvea uses
the term 'Cruz de Sam Thomae' meaning Crosses of Saint Thomas. According to Rev
Dr Pius Malekkandathil, the Portuguese documents with the term 'Sam Thome' is usually used to
denote Saint Thomas the Apostle and 'S
Thomae' is used to denote City of Saint Thomas means Mailapore. Therefore, Gouvea
really meant it as Crosses of Saint Thomas<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn52" name="_ednref52" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[lii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. It
does not mean that these Crosses were erected by Saint Thomas the Apostle but could
mean these are the Crosses of the Christians of Saint Thomas. Gouvea also
mentions about the traditional belief of the local Christians that the Cross at
Cranganore in front of which Archbishop Alexis De Menezes celebrated a solemn
mass was placed there by Saint Thomas the Apostle himself.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn53" name="_ednref53" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[liii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> As
we know that the custom of venerating the Cross was started in the later period
only, this oral tradition could be a retrojection of later developments to the
Apostolic times.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3 Joseph, the Indian Cathanar 1503 AD<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Joseph, the Indian Priest who visited Rome and
Venice in AD 1502 gave a narration to the signoria of Venice about the religio
cultural, political and even geography of South India. Joseph's narrations were
published in different European languages. These accounts are probably the
first native witness recorded in the history about the Saint Thomas Christians
and South India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Joseph narrated that the Saint Thomas Christians had only plain
crosses in their churches, no statues. They also had a Cross on the courtyard
of the churches<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn54" name="_ednref54" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[liv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Joseph was mentioning about the tradition of Crosses only in the <i>madbaha </i>(altar)
and also about the standing Crosses of the Churches of Kerala.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Other antiquities of Muttuchira.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tomb stones.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr Paul Madathil reported that there were two tombs
in the old church-the Saint Francis Church. They were found when the floor was
dug up. They were below the basements of the north and south walls of the
altar, symmetrically placed, at a depth of 4 feet from the basement. Mr Paul
commented that these tombs could be older than the walls and may not be
directly under the wall.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn55" name="_ednref55" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[lv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Rev
Fr Peediyekkal commented that those tombs were of Father Jacob ( Archdeacon
Jacob) and his mother.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn56" name="_ednref56" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[lvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Inscriptions at Muttuchira-List of H
Hosten.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rev Henry Hosten reports of 9 lithic inscriptions
found from Muttuchira Church.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1 Inscription of events of AD 1828<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 2 Inscription
of events of AD 1580-81 Both these are
on a single stone that we have already discussed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3 Granite slab inscribed in AD 1593 says on sunday
7th dhanu 769 KE, the soul of Fra Chacko was taken, Amen. ( TKJ 20/09/1926)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4 Inscribed in AD 1628 Kollam Era 803<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5 unknown of
Kollam Era ?804<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6 AD 1630 Kollam
Era 806<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7 AD 1642-43
Kollam Era 818<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8 AD
1660 Kollam Era 835<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9 unknown Kollam
Era ?*48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There are many others also, many are seen built into
the wall of the Church of saint Francis of Assissi as supports for the beams<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn57" name="_ednref57" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[lvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Inscriptions of Muttuchira- List of A S
Ramanatha Ayyar.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Inscription on the pedestal of the open
air rock cross in front of the main Church.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 1: Mishiyha
perannitte 1623 lu kaalam sesare <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 2: thu
kollam ...thu kanni jnayar karinkal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Line 3: kurishu
iruthi kalluve....ithu maathu than ....kanakku pe...)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Translation- After
the birth of Mishiha, 1623 period-
?sesare this is Kollam Era ......in the month Kanni sunday, this granite was
erected. Stone ?....in the account of mathu.... <a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn58" name="_ednref58" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[lviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn58" name="_ednref58" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Some other inscriptions.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rest of the inscriptions are funerary inscription
but many letters and words are illegible. Examples of readings of the
fragments which are legible are<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn59" name="_ednref59" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[lix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1 kallar veli mathuven kuriyathinte alam mayi
thampurante managunathaale eduthukku- <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2 Kollam... matham mithine jnayaru uyirine kongade
le adappu kuriathinu nallavazhi cheythu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3 kumbhu..nu palehan thareerhu mariathinte alam meyu
thampurante managunathaale eduthu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4 kollam...nu makaram yu mathu ee aype ittere alame
nallame eduthu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5 kollam...maruthu meena matham ....hale kanakkin
vanthasemi alachanaal kadapurathe eliza anamale yadu neram nallavzhikke
edakoodi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Crosses found in Muttuchira.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cross No 1: The
Pahlavi inscribed granite bas relief Cross- The Muttuchira Sliva.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cross No 2: The open air Rock Cross in front of the
main Church- The Ruha D' Qhudisha Forane Church at Muttuchira. It has an
inscription in the pedestal beginning with KE 799 (AD 1623-24)<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn60" name="_ednref60" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[lx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cross No 3: The miniature bas relief cross on the
base of the base of the Cross No 2 in
the design of Muttuchira Sliva.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cross No 4: Brass Cross. This was a silver coated
brass cross used in processions. There was no inscriptions but had decorations
on the surface. This cross was melted off in 1919 AD.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn61" name="_ednref61" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[lxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cross No 5: Wooden
Cross apparently present on the 'raredos' of the old Church (presently Saint
Francis Church in front of the Main Church) behind which, the Muttuchira Sliva
was found in AD 1925. This Cross has been destroyed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cross No 6: Open
air Cross found in Muttuchira Angadi near the Saint Anthony's Chapel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cross No 7: Open air Cross near Saint Sebastian's
Church.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Churches and Chapels in Muttuchira.(Rev
Fr Jacob Murickan's numbering system)<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Church no 1: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Old name- Church of Ruha D' Qudisha. New name-
Church of Saint Francis of Assissi. Probably built in 1528 AD according to the
Muttuchira inscriptions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Church No 2:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The main Church of Muttuchira today, the Ruha D' Qudisha
Forane Church, Muttuchira where the Muttuchira Sliva has been recently
installed. This was built probably in 1859-1885.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_edn62" name="_ednref62" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[lxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Church No 3:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Saint Sebastian's Church- also called 'Prasu Church'
with a small open air Cross in front.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chapel a- Old name Mar Sliva, new name Saint
Anthony's. There is a masonry open air Cross- Cross No 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chapel b Saint Teresa's or Flower of Jesus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Conclusion.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Muttuchira Church is an ancient Church in Malabar.
The very first Church of the Christian settlement in Muttuchira was Mar Sliva
Church at Muttuchira situated somewhere near the Kurisummoodu where the
Muttuchira Sliva was adored in the altar. The Muttuchira Sliva was taken from
this Church and placed in the newly built
Ruha D' Qudisha old Church- the Church of Saint Francis of Assissi in
the esatern side of the present Church complex probably in 1580AD. Later,
during renovations, the Muttuchira Sliva was neglected and a new raredos
(rathaal) was built over it. In 1923 AD, during the renovations, the Sliva was
accidentally rediscovered, but the then authorities tried to mutilate the
inscription for fear of accusations of Nestorianism. It was again
neglected and replaced in the new Ruha D'
Qudisha Church in a very unimportant place- back side of the wall of the facade
in a corner, probably because of the interests of the Archaeological Department
of the then Government of Travancore. Now, this invaluable monument of Saint Thomas
Christians has been placed in a side altar of the main Church. Thus, the
Muttuchira Sliva, the Pahlavi inscribed Cross is an invaluable monument of the
Christian community that was the symbol of veneration of the ancient Christian settlement of Muttuchira. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Muttuchira inscription is another landmark monument
which is an evidence of the initial friendly and collaborative relations of the
Church of Saint Thomas Christians and the Western Missionaries. It also
narrates installation of the Mar Thoma Sliva in the altar and the open air Rock
Cross. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Covering the Muttuchira Sliva with a new 'raredos' (rathaal) is an evidence of subjugation by the
missionaries to take away our age old traditions and to wipe out our ancient
Syriac Christian heritage and force the
community to conform with the Roman rite.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">It is glad
to see that the neglected Muttuchira Sliva has been placed in a much honourable
place, on the side altar recently. The Christian community has a duty to
protect and preserve their ancient monuments. There is scope for setting up a
Museum for portraying these very important
monuments and to do further investigations to study about the inscribed
tablets built into the wall of the Church of Saint Francis Assissi and others still unearthed.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Credits.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Thanks to Mr Mathew Mailapparampil for suggestions and language corrections. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Thanks to Mr Sandeep Thomas and Mr Mebin John for local information, help for field study and to provide a few pictures. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Thanks to Mr R Sivalingam, my colleague for helping with translation of a few documents from Tamil language.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Picture credits.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Title picture of the Muttuchira Sliva has been taken from Travancore Arcaheological Series.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">The black and white picture of Muttuchira Lithic inscription has been taken from Kerala Society papers.</span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ADRIAN
FORTESCUE, The Lesser Eastern Churches,p 84. Even though Fortescue does not
accept that the accusation of nestorianism
on nestorius and his party was not correct but admit that there was
significant contraversy related to the Greek language terms and phrases that
were translated into syriac where the y used
more or less the equivalents in Syriac. (All Nestorians say there are
two knume in our Lord. That is their formula : two kydne, two knume, one
parsufd. The question, then (just as in the case of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">hypostasis) , is what they mean
by their knuma. If it means merely a real, individual nature (as opposed to a
universal concept) , they agree with us ; if it means what we mean by person, their phrase two knume
is pure Nestorianism).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> JOHN THOPPIL,,Christology in the
East Syrian Tradition, in East Syrian Theology, an Introduction, Ed Pauly
Maniattu, pp261-162 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> W.A.WIGRAM, An introduction to
the History of Assyrian Church, 1910, LONDON, p 97. Patriarch Iso yahb II
(628-643 AD) in Antioch made the
following appellation of the faith of the Church of the East that 'our belief in a Christ who, as Perfect Man,
was consubstantial with us; - and who, as Perfect God, was consubstantial with
the Father, in one "Personalitas"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> T K JOSEPH, letter dated
03/10/1926 cited in H Hosten, Antiquities of Sam Thome and Mailappore, p348.
Antonio Gouvea uses both terms 'Nagapilli and Ignapilli/Ignaperi in his Jornada. Rev Dr Pius Malekandathil
explains that field study confirms a small bridge nearby is still called
Nagpili bridge. Rev Dr Pius identifies Ignapilli as Elanji using the method of
phonetic corroboration.Ignapilli is Ijna pilli, Ijni or Ejni could be an abreviation of Elanji. But Gouvea states
it was Ignapilli where Cathanar Jacob, the Vicar General of Mar Simon, the
schismatic Bishop lived which was
actually Muttuchira. Also, the Church in Ignapilli was dedicated to Holy
Spirit which is Muttuchira, not Elanji unless the Church in Elanji changed its
name later. Therefore, the name Ignapili used by Gouvea could be Muttuchira
itself. Jornada also give approximate distances. On the first visit to
Muttuchira from Kaduthuruthy, Gouvea says almost half a league . On the second
visit, Archbishop Menezes visited Ignapilli from Kuravilangadu and from
Ignapilli, he went to Kaduthuruthy which Gouvea states almost a league away.
These are approximate distances, but Elanji seems more far away. Muttuchira to
Kaduthuruthy is only 2 km while Elanji is about 14 Km away from Muttuchira. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Rev Dr XAVIER KOODAPUZHA, Mar
Thoma Nasrani sabha Vijnana Kosham (Malayalam book), Oriental Institute of
religious studies, Vadavathoor, Kottayam, 1999, p 752<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> PIUS MALEKKANDATHIL, Jornada of Dom Alexis De Menezes:A
Portuguese Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar, LRC Publication
Cochin,2003, p 198, 438.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
H HOSTEN, Antiquities of Sam Thome and
Mailappore,1936, p 347 British Museum Sloane MS 9907 fol 17v 18r-18 v1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
H HOSTEN, Opus cit p 348. These pleases have been identified by Mr T K Joseph
with the help of Mr Karottu C George. Coddi heli could be Kulaveli-a small
track of land comprising the Christian street in Muttuchira. Kulaveli has
become a family name also.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pram
poram could be Parampram- a village east of Muttuchira street.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perium
paddy could be Tiruvampady, a village a mile north of Muttuchira.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanara
chera could be Thamarachira, a village south of Muttuchira.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cheri
Omellur could be Cheriomelloor usually called Omellur, a village 2 miles south
east of Muttuchira.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">May
mure could be Memury, is 3 miles south of Muttuchira, near Manvettom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nin
dure could be Neendoor, 2 miles south east of Memury.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Herle
nelha cara could be Erennalakara- Eravi mangalakara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> JOANNES FUCUNDUS RAULIN, Raulin<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;"> Historis Ecclesiae Malabaricae cum Diamperitana Synodo</span><span style="background: white;">, Rome, 1745,p 428 cited by PIUS
MELEKKANDATHIL,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">Jornada of Dom Alexis De Menesis: A Portuguese Account of the
Sixteenth Century Malabar, LRC Publications<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">Cochin, 2003<span class="apple-converted-space"> p 199</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> ANQUETIL DU PERRON, Zend Avesta,
t1, pt1, Paris 1771, p clxxxxvi cited by H Hosten, Antiquities of Sam Thome and
Mailappore, p348.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> P<span style="background: white;">AULINUS DE BARTHOLOMEW, <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">India
Orientalis Christiana</span><span style="background: white;">, Roma,
1794,p 267.cited by PIUS MALEKKANDA</span>THIL, <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">Jornada
of Dom Alexis De Menesis: A Portuguese Account of the Sixteenth Century
Malabar, LRC Publications<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">Cochin, 2003<span class="apple-converted-space"> p 199</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> H HOSTEN Opus cit p351 citing
Rev Fr JOSEPH PEEDIYEKKAL, letter dated 02/11/1925 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> XAVIER KOODAPUZHA, Opus cit p
752<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> JOSEPH THEKKEDATHU, History of
Christianity in India Vol II p 50 citing a letter of Fr Dionysio S J dated 23
January 1577, Josephus Wicki, Documenta Indiaca, X p 834., <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref15" name="_edn15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> JOSEPH THEKKEDATHU, opus cit p51
citing Gueseppe Beltrami, La Chiesa caldea p 91<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BERNARD THOMAS, Keralathile Mar Thoma Christianikal,
vol II, Mannanam, 1921,malayalam,p 117.
It was on the third day of his Episcopal consecration which was on 01
February 1663. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn17">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref17" name="_edn17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> JAMES PULIURUMPIL, The Early
Christian Settlements in Kerala, p158<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn18">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref18" name="_edn18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> JOSEPH THEKKEDATHU, opus cit p
50 citing a letter of Fr Dionysio dted 23 January 1577 in JOSEPH WICKY,
Documenta Indica, x P 834.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn19">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref19" name="_edn19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Mar Abraham received pallium from Pope Pius IV as Archbishop of
Angamali. In 1555 AD, the then Chaldean catholic Patriarch mar Abdisho , the legitimate
Canonical head of the saint Thomas Christians of Malabar sent two Bishiops to
malabar- mar Joseph Sulaka and Mar Elias, the Apostolic visitor of the Chaldean
Catholic Patriarch in malabar alongwith two Maltese Dominicns Bishop Ambrose
Buttigeg, the Papal Nuncio for the East and Fr Anthony sahara. Even with the presence
of the Papal Nuncio, the group was arrested by the Portuguese in Goa in
November 1555 and the two Chaldean Bishops
kept in detention in a Franciscan Monastery in Bassein, near Bombay. With the
intervention of the Papal Nuncio, the Bishops were set free in 1558 AD. By this
time, mar Abdisho, the Chaldean cathol.ic patriarch sent mar Abraham to Kerala
who arrived in 1557 AD. Later, Mar Abraham was arrested in 1558, deported to
Lisbon but on the way, when the ship anchored in Mozambique, he escaped and
arrived in Mosul .Later, Mar Joseph was also arrested by 1562 AD and sent to
Portugal. He was cleared all the accusations on him by Cardinal Hernry in
Lisbon and returned to Kerala. Again in 1567, mar Joseph was arrested and sent
to Rome in 1568 to test his orthodoxy.
In rome, he was cleared again but died in Rome in 1569. Mar Abdisho, the Chaldean
catholic Patriarch sent Mar Abraham again to Kerala, but through Rome from
where, he received his pallium and three recommendation letters from Pope Pius
IV to 1 Chaldean Catholic Patriarch, 2 Archbishop of Goa and 3 Bishop of
Cochin. In these three letters, Pope Pius IV explicitly and unambiguously
confirms the jurisdiction of the Chaldean catholic Patriarch over the saint
Thomas Christians of Malabar. The Pope advised the Chaldean Patriarch to
divide the Saint Thomas Christians of
Malabar into two dioceses and appoint
Mar Abraham as the Archbishop of Angamali. The Pope also advised Archbishop of
Goa and Bishop of Cochin that Chaldean Catholic Patriarch is in full communion
with the Pope and warned the Archbishop of Goa
it will be detrimental to the Pope himself and the Apostolic See , if he
would hinder the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Chaldeans in Malabar.( Rev Dr
Paul Pallathu, Were the Saint Thomas ChristiansNestorians at the time of the
Synod of Diamper in 1599?, Ephrem's theological Journal, Vol 5 March 2001 pp35-70.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn20">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref20" name="_edn20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> JAMES HOUGH, The History of
Christianity in India vol I p 286<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn21">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref21" name="_edn21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> JOSEPH THEKKEDATHU, opus cit p
51 citing Fr Achilles Meersman, The Ancient Franciscan Provinces in India
1500-1835, 1971 p 302<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn22">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref22" name="_edn22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> JOSEPH THEKKEDATHU opus cit p 51<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn23">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref23" name="_edn23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> H HOSTEN, opus cit p 352 citing
letters from Mr T K Joseph and letter dated 02/11/1926 of Rev Fr Peediyekal, a
former vicar of Muttuchira Church.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">JAMES
HOUGH,History of Christianity in India vol I
p 420<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn24">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref24" name="_edn24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> JAMES HOUGH Opus cit p 287.
These letters were found by Archbishop Alexis De Menesis and sent to the
General inquisition of Portugal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn25">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref25" name="_edn25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
JACOB KOLLAMPARAMBIL, Archdeacon of All India, 1972, p96. It has to be noted that Chaldean Pontifical
allows Archdeacon to consecrate altars without using Holy oils.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn26">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref26" name="_edn26" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> JAMES HOUGH, Opus cit p 294-295<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn27">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref27" name="_edn27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> JACOB KOLLAMPARAMBIL, Opus cit p
96 citing Antonio Gouvea, Jornada do Arcebishopo de Goa....Coimbra, 1606, ff
9v-11v<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn28">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref28" name="_edn28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> H HOSTEN, Opus cit p 352. Paul
Madathil wrote an article in the vernacular News Paper Malyala manorama
'Muttuchira and its Persian Cross'.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn29">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref29" name="_edn29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Mr T K Joseph was an eminent
historian and a versatile scholar and teacher. He was the secretary of the
Kerala Society that was founded in 1927 by the scholars in Trivandrum modelled on
the Royal Asiatic Society. He has published several articles and books and was
the Editor of the prestigious journal 'Kerala Society Papers' which is a
vauable resource for students, researchers and scholars.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn30">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref30" name="_edn30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Letter of Rev Fr Joseph
Peediyekkal dated 02/11/1926 addressedd to Rev Henry Hosten SJ, cited in
Antiquities of sam Thome and Mailappore, H Hosten, 1936 p350 foot note 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn31">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref31" name="_edn31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> T K Joseph, Notes by TK Joseph
to the article by Rev H Hosten, The saint Thomas Christians of Malabar (AD
1490- 1504) Kerla Society Papers series 5 p253.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn32">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref32" name="_edn32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Mar Jacob who arrived in Kerala
in AD 1504 with Mar Denha, Mar Jahballaha and Mar Thomas. Mar Jacob has been
mentioned as Aboona in the letters of saint Francis Xavier.Mar Jacob died in AD
1549.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn33">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref33" name="_edn33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> A S RAMANATHA AYYAR, Travancore
Archaeological Series Vol VII, Part II 1930 p 75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn34">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref34" name="_edn34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> A S RAMANATHA AYYAR, Muttusira
Inscriptions, Travancore Archaeological Series,Vil VII p 75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn35">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref35" name="_edn35" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> A S RAMANATHA AYYAR, Opus cit p
75-76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn36">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref36" name="_edn36" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> F C BURKITT, A Further note on
the Pahlavi Crosses, Oxford Journal of Theological studies, 1929,os XXXI
(1):pp47-48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn37">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref37" name="_edn37" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> PAUL J MADATHIL, Letter dated
28/10.1925 to MR T K JOSEPH cited by H HOSTEN, opus cit pp351-352 foot note 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn38">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref38" name="_edn38" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> H HOSTEN, opus cit pp351-352 end
note 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref39" name="_edn39" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> H HOSTEN, Antiquities of Sam
Thome and mailappore, 1936, p 341. Letter from
Mr A S ramanatha Iyyer dated 16 September 1925 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn40">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref40" name="_edn40" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xl]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> H HOSTEN, Antiquities of Sam
Thome and Mailappore, 1936 p 342. Letter by Mr T K Joseph to Rev H Hosten dated
11 October 1925<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn41">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref41" name="_edn41" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xli]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> H HOSTEN, Antiquities of sam
Thome and Mailappore, 1936, p 351- Letter by Mr paul madathil dated 28 October
1925 to Mr T K Joseph.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn42">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref42" name="_edn42" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> H HOSTEN, Antiquities of sam
Thome and Mailappore, 1936 p 345 letter from Fr pediyekkal dated 02 November
1926<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn43">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref43" name="_edn43" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xliii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> H HOSTEN, Antiquities of sam
Thome and Mailappore 1936 p 344 letter from Mr V C george to MR T K Joseph,
dated 19 October 1925<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn44">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref44" name="_edn44" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xliv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> H HOSTEN, Antiquities of sam
Thome and Mailppore 1936 p 344 Article
of Mr George P Murickel dated 21 October 1925 sent to the Catholic Herld of
India, calcutta forwarded to Rev H
Hosten by the Editor of Catholic Herald of India on 29 October 1925 which was
due to be published in the Catholic Herald of India but the paper ceased
publication on 28 Otober 1925<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn45">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref45" name="_edn45" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Rev Fr JOSEPH PEEDIYEKKAL,
Letter dated 02/11/1926 cited by H HOSTEN, Opus cit p345 foot note 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn46">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref46" name="_edn46" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> A S RAMANATHA AYYAR, No 52,
Muttusira inscriptions, Travancore Archaeological series vol VII part II 1930
p75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn47">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref47" name="_edn47" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> A S RAMANATHA AYYAR, No 52,
Muttusira Inscriptions, Travancore Archaeological series Vol VII, part II p 75,
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn48">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref48" name="_edn48" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> H HOSTEN, Antiquities of sam
Thome and Mailppore 1936 p 345 - Article
of Mr George P Murickel dated 21 October 1925 sent to the Catholic Herld of
India, calcutta forwarded to Rev H Hosten
by the Editor of Catholic Herald of India on 29 October 1925 which was due to
be published in the Catholic Herald of India but the paper ceased publication
on 28 Otober 1925<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn49">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref49" name="_edn49" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> H HOSTEN, Opus cit p 351<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn50">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref50" name="_edn50" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[l]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> H HOSTEN, Antiquities of Sam
Thome and nMailappore, 1936 p 346 Article of Mr george P Murickel to The
catholic Herald of India, calcutta dated 21 October 1925 forwarded to H Hosten
by the Editor of Catholic Herald dated 29 october 1925.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[li]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> PIUS MALEKKANDATHIL, Jornada of
Dom Alexis De menezes: A Portuguese Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar
LRC Publications, Kochi, 2003, pp 244-245<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref52" name="_edn52" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> PIUS MALEKKANDATHIL, Jornada of
Dom Alexis De Menezes:A Portuguese account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar,
LRC Cochin,2003, p 245 foot note 190.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref53" name="_edn53" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[liii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> PIUS MALEKANDATHIL opus cit p
216<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref54" name="_edn54" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[liv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ANTONY VALLAVANTHARA, India in
1500 AD, pp 166-167, 231<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref55" name="_edn55" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> PAUL MADATHIL, Letters dated
28/10/1925 and 07/11/1925 cited by H Hosten, Antiquities of Sam Thome and Mailapore,
p345 foot note 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref56" name="_edn56" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> JOSEPH PEEDIYEKKAL, Letter of
Rev Fr Peediyekkal dated 24/11/1925 cited by H Hosten,Antiquities of sam Thome
and Mailappore, p 345 foot note 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref57" name="_edn57" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> H HOSTEN Opus cit p 345 foot
note 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref58" name="_edn58" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> A S Ramanatha Ayyar, Opus cit p
78<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref59" name="_edn59" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> A S Ramanatha Ayyar, opus cit
p78<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref60" name="_edn60" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> H HOSTEN, Opus cit p348<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref61" name="_edn61" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> H HOSTEN Opus cit p 346 citing T
K Joseph, letters of Rev Fr Joseph
Peediyekkal and Mr Paul Madathil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="edn62">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Muttuchira/Muttuchira%20Sliva%20and%20lithic%20inscriptions-%20Landmark%20monument%20of%20Saint%20Thomas%20Christians.docx#_ednref62" name="_edn62" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> XAVIER KOODAPUZHA Opus cit p 752.
Rev Dr Koodapuzha has recorded that the first church was at Kurisummoodu in 6th
century. In the 7th century, a new Church was built at the eastern side of the
present Church complex, at the site of the Church of Saint Francis of Assissi.
In the 9th century, the Church was attacked by Mugalans. In 13th century, it
was rebuilt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-41544462756118417322014-02-11T21:18:00.000+00:002014-02-11T21:18:30.752+00:00 ALENGAD SLIVA- THE NEGLECTED JEWEL OF THE ANCIENT CHRISTIAN SETTLEMENT IN ALENGAD AND THE MOST ANCIENT CHRISTIAN ARTEFACT OF MALABAR.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>1.Introduction.</b><br />
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<b><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FFOQiW4ky1U/Uu69jnoS50I/AAAAAAAAHOY/-WG-0zd05H8/s1600/Alengad+Sliva.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FFOQiW4ky1U/Uu69jnoS50I/AAAAAAAAHOY/-WG-0zd05H8/s1600/Alengad+Sliva.jpg" height="320" width="226" /></a></b></div>
<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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Alengad Sliva<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> is an ancient Persian Cross discovered in
Kerala in 1931. It is a granite plain bas relief Cross with Pahlavi
inscriptions. There are a number of plain Crosses of similar design with three bud like
arrangements at the ends of the arms with a floral design on the base and a
descending dove on the top. This family of plain Crosses are called Persian
Crosses, on account of the inscriptions in Pahlavi, a middle Persian language.
These Crosses denote the strong connection of the Christians of Malabar coast
with the Christianity in Persian Empire- the Church of the East and a definite
Pahlavi phase of the East Syrian Christianity of Malabar. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Alengad is a village
in Ernakulam District in the South Indian State of Kerala, 7 km from Aluva and
19 km from Kodungalloor . Saint Mary's Church at Alengad is an ancient church established
in the 14th century AD dedicated to Saint Mary, the Mother of the Lord Isho
Misiha.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> In
ancient accounts, Alengad was called Mangate.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <br />
<br />
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<b>Discovery of the Alengad Sliva<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Alengad Cross was discovered by Rev. Fr. Joseph C Panjikaren in 1931 found lying on the wayside unrecognised. (20 January 1931) This was thought as a milestone. This Cross was then placed in a wayside shrine near the Church at Alengad. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Alangad in the Nasrani History<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Alengad is the birthplace
of Mar Joseph Kariattil who was consecrated as the Archbishop of Kodungallur (Cranganore)
in 1783
A D for the Catholics of the Syro Chaldean rite in Malabar but who died
in Goa in dubious circumstances before
arriving in his See in Kerala.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> It
was in Alengad, the Archdeacon<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Thomas Parambil was "consecrated"
by 12 Cathanaars<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> as the Bishop for Saint Thomas Christians -Mar
Thoma I, after the famous Alengad yogam<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>-
the Synod of the Saint Thomas Christians- the Catholics of the Syro Chaldean
rite in Malabar. This event, along with the Coonan Cross oath, was a Great
revolt against the Portuguese Colonial Missionary enterprise in India, mark a
milestone in the history of Saint Thomas Christians of Malabar. (This could be
the very first rebellion against the European Colonial powers from native
Indians.) Even though canonically this
act was not correct, it showed the great courage and self esteem of the Saint
Thomas Christians of Malabar. In 1598 AD,
having no ecclesiastical authority over the Church of Saint Thomas Christians, the
Portuguese Archbishop Alexis Dom Menezis of Goa, visited Alengad, as part of
his visitation to most of the Saint Thomas Christian Churches in Malabar, in a
bid to take over the community under the
Portuguese Padruado rule. In 1701, Mar Anjelos Francis was consecrated as a
Bishop for Saint Thomas Christians by a Chaldean Bishop Mar Simon at Alengad,
as the rest of the Roman Catholic Padruado Bishops refused to consecrate him,
even when Mar Anjelus Francis was appointed by the Pope<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>2.Historical accounts about Alengad.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Bernard Thomas<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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Alengad Church and the
Christian settlement are mentioned in many ancient historical accounts. Rev. Fr.
Bernard of Saint Thomas has written that
Alengad church was founded in the 14th century AD with the support of the King
of Alengad. The Ruler of Alengad had donated land and property to the Church. The
King has set aside 60 para nilam- about 6 acres of land- for the expenses of
the lighting of lamps in the church. There was another property donated by the
King called 'thalakoothu nilam' (Property
for Head ailments) which was given to the Church as a thanks giving by the King
when the Queen suffered severe head ache
which was cured after prayers in the Church.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title="">[9]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Antonio De Gouvea.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Antonio De Gouvea has
written about Alengad in connection with the visit of Archbishop Alexis Dom
Menesis. Gouvea described Alengadu was a big settlement of Christians. He
visited Alengad Church during the time of a fierce war between Alengad and
Parur. The Archbishop consoled the Christians in the Church and taught about
the Roman Church and that the Roman
Pontiff was the Head of the Church in the world and the Vicar of Jesus Christ.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title="">[10]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Raulini Johannus Facundus Raulin and Paulinos
De Bartholomew<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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Raulini Johannus
Facundus Raulin in 1740 AD and Paulinus De Bartholomeo in 1790 AD mentions about the Saint Mary's Church at
Alengad and also about the Jesuit and Carmelite houses there.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title="">[11]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil -Duperron<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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In 1750 AD, French
Orientalist Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil -Duperron visited Alengad. He calls the church at Alengad as the most
beautiful church in Malabar. He also mentions of an altar dedicated to the
exaltation of Holy Cross on the top of a nearby hillock.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title="">[12]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>3. Pahlavi inscribed granite Crosses of South
India.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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The first Pahlavi
inscribed granite Cross was found by Portuguese Missionaries in the ruins of the
ancient Church at Mailappur in 1547 AD. This was not a surprise at that time as
there were several of this kind of
Crosses in Malabar as witnessed by Joseph the Indian<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, Antonio
Gouvea<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and Duarte Barbosa<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
In AD 1873, the inscriptions found on these Crosses caught attention of A C
Burnell and he discovered that these were Pahlavi inscriptions. This lead interest in the two Pahlavi
inscribed Crosses of Kottayam Valiyapalli during that time. The rest of the
Pahlavi inscribed Crosses had disappeared by this time. The research about
these inscriptions lead to discovery of more Crosses in the region- one in the
St George's Church at Kadamattom in 1923 AD<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
another at Ruha D Kudisha Church at
Muttuchira in 1925 AD<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and in 1987 AD at Gervasis and Proctasis
Church Kothanallur, Kottayam<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn18" name="_ednref18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
In 2001 AD, another Pahlavi Cross was
found in Goa in Agassim<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn19" name="_ednref19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Crosses of Saint Thomas the Apostle- The
Miraculous Sliva of Kodungallur.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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These Crosses were
called by the local Saint Thomas Christians as Saint Thomas' Crosses as
recorded by the early Portuguese writers in the sixteenth century.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn20" name="_ednref20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The local Christians had an oral tradition that the Apostle Thomas arrived in
Kodungallur and erected Churches there and installed a Cross there. This could
be only an oral tradition based on the retrojection of the practice of veneration
of Crosses in the post Apostolic period. This famous Cross was called
miraculous Cross because it had played several miracles to the Christians and
the gentiles as well. The local Kings had a great veneration to this cross and
they sent oil to be lighted in front of the Cross. Antonio Gouvea has narrated
that a Cross was placed in a wayside chapel with only one side open with
railings and Archbishop Alexis Dom Menesis celebrated a solemn Mass in front of
this Cross. From this we can assume that this Cross was placed in the altar of
that chapel. Gouvea also describes a miraculous visual allusion while the
Archbishop celebrated the Holy Mass<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn21" name="_ednref21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
This famous Cross is not seen today. B T Anklesaria comments that the Cross
found at Alengad was taken from Kodungallur (Crangannore) without specifying
any source for the formation.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn22" name="_ednref22" title="">[22]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn22" name="_ednref22" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>4 The Burnt Sliva of Alengad<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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During the visits of
the Archbishop Menesis at Alengad, Gouvea
narrates that there was a small chapel dedicated to the Holy Cross on a nearby hillock. Alengad was called Mangate at that
time. Du Perron also mentions about the an altar dedicated to the exaltation of
Holy Cross on the top of a nearby hill.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn23" name="_ednref23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Gouvea describes about
burning the Christian settlements in Alengad
by the suicide squads of the Kingdom of Parur. They burned the settlements,
but the fire stopped at a Cross placed on the road made of sticks, (could be
bamboo) with small crosses made of coconut leaf fronds hanging from its arms.
This site was visited by the King of Mangate on the next day and acclaimed that
the God of the Christians did not want that the fire should touch its sign.
Gouvea also narrates a miracle of another Cross placed in the altar on the top
of a nearby hill where the Cross and the altar that was made of stick- probably
bamboo sticks-which survived when the whole chapel and roof burnt down.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn24" name="_ednref24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> We can assume that the whole Church was made
of bamboo sticks probably plastered with clay and cow dung in that time period.
Here, the Cross was placed in the altar that was also made of bamboo.
Miraculously, the altar with the Cross was preserved while the rest of the
Church was burnt down. Most probably, this Cross that was placed in the altar
was the Alengad Sliva.<o:p></o:p></div>
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We have witnesses of
Gouvea<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn25" name="_ednref25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
and also of Du Perron<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn26" name="_ednref26" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
commenting about the shrine on the top of a nearby hill in Alengad dedicated to the Holy Cross. On close
inspection, we can see marks of burning and charring on the lower third of the
Alengad Sliva. Anklesaria clearly mentions about the crack formed on the Cross.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
This is also seen even today at the marks of charring. Now, we can assume that
this crack and charring are evidence of this Cross being burnt in a fire.
Therefore, Alengad Sliva could be the Sliva kept in the altar of a small shrine
in Alengad dedicated to Holy Cross. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We have many ancient
Churches dedicated to Mar Sliva such as Mapranam (AD 928)<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn28" name="_ednref28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
Alleppey, Chennamangalam,<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn29" name="_ednref29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Cherpunkal<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn30" name="_ednref30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Manjapra<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn31" name="_ednref31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, Purakkad<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn32" name="_ednref32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> and
so on. We have examples of ancient churches with similar Crosses placed in the altar as recorded as in Muttuchira<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn33" name="_ednref33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
Quilon<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn34" name="_ednref34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> and Kumari Muttom<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn35" name="_ednref35" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
So, we have to assume that this Shrine dedicated to Holy Cross on the top of a
nearby hillock of Alengad could be a very ancient shrine, rather older than the
Alengad Church.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>5. Pahlavi Inscriptions on these Crosses.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Pahlavi inscriptions on these Crosses have been studied by many experts. A
C Burnell (1873), Dr Martin Haug (1874), Prof Baron De Harlez (1892)and Dr E W
West (1986) and Dastur Darab Peshotan Sanjana (1914) deciphered and translated
the inscriptions by studying the Mailppore Cross and the two Kottayam Crosses.
Later, Dr. J J Modi wrote in 1924 about these inscriptions, after studying
about the Cross at Kadamattom and in 1926, after studying about Muttuchira
Cross also. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Readings of different scholars.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn36" name="_ednref36" title="">[36]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn36" name="_ednref36" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For ease for
understanding and comparison, I have put the reading of Pahlavi inscription
word by word with number for
identification and the translation after that. I could not get the word by word
reading of Dr Martin Haug. Dr E W West has reviewed his own reading later and
gave a new reading in 1896. The reading of Baron De Harlez and the translation
was given in French language. I have translated it to English language using
Google translate. Dastur Darab P Sanjana gave four readings and translations.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>A C Burnell</b>.(AD 1878)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>1 min amn 2 mshiha 3 af alha-f 4 mdm 6 af
rshd-i 7 aj 8 asar bukht 9 yin rijya 10
mn 11 vu drd i 12 dnmn </i>( The
numbers denote the number of word)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
( In punishment (?) by
the cross (was) the suffering of this one: (He) who (is) the true Christ and the God above , and guide
ever pure.)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dr Martin Haug</b> (AD 1874 )<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(Who believes in the
Messiah and God above and in the Holy
Ghost is redeemed through the grace of
him who bore the cross.)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dr E W West</b> (AD 1874)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>1 mun amen 2 meshikha-i 3 avaksha-i 4 madam 6
afras 7 aj 8 khar bukht 9 sulda i 10 min 11van va dard i 12 denmau<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(What freed the true Messiah, the forgiving, the upraising from
hardship ? The crucifixion from the true, and the anguish of this.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dr. E W West</b> (amendment of reading in AD 1896)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(He) whom the suffering of the self same Messiah,
the forgiving and upraising , (has) saved, (is) offering the plea whose origin (was) the agony of
this.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Baron De Harlez</b> (AD
1892)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>1 mun amen 2mesiha i 3 avakhsha i 5 madam 6
afras 7 aj 8 asar bokht 9 yin razya 10 min 11 van dart i 12 denman<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
French language- <i>Celui qui (est) le vrai Messie le reconciliateur, le
ressuscitant a jamais, purifie (sanctifie) par la vertu (provenant) du crucifiement de lui (ou, du
crucifiement celui-ci, ce qu’on voit ici)<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;">English
translation-One who</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;"> <span class="hps">(</span>is) <span class="hps">the true Messiah</span> <span class="hps">the
Reconciler</span>, <span class="hps">raising him</span> <span class="hps">ever</span>
<span class="hps">purifies</span> <span class="hps">(</span>sanctified) <span class="hps">by</span> <span class="hps">virtue (</span>from) <span class="hps">the</span>
<span class="hps">crucifixion of</span> <span class="hps">him</span> <span class="hps">(or</span> <span class="hps">of the crucifixion</span> <span class="hps">it,</span>
<span class="hps">what we see</span> <span class="hps">here)</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;"><span class="hps"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Sanjana</b> (AD 1914- 4 readings)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>9 Rish-razya 10 min 11 van dard 12 dena 1 mun
hemn 2 meshiha 3 apakhsha i 3 madam 6 afras 7 i 8 Chahar-bukht<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>9 Rish-razya 10 min 11 van dard 12 dena 1 mun
hemn 2 Meshiha 3 apakhsha i 5 madam 6 Aprahim 7 i 8 Chahar-bukht<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>1 Mun hemn 2 Meshiha 3 apakhsha i 4 madam 5 afraji 7 i 8 chahar bokht 9 rish razya 10
min 11 van dard 12 dena <o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>9 Rasul-ish Yeh 10 min 11 van dard 12 dena<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Such (was) the
affliction <i>(dard</i>) of the wounding and spearing (<i>rish- razya</i>) of him on the
Cross <i>(min van</i>), who (was)
faithful (<i>hemn)</i> Meshiha, a forgiver, of superior dignity the descendant of
Chahar -bukht<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This (was) the
affliction (<i>dard</i>) of the
spearing and wounding of him on (<i>min</i>)
the cross who (was) the faithful
Mishiha , the merciful one, the descendant
of the Great Abrahim, (who was)
the descendant of Chahar- bokkt<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
He of whom the
faithful Meshiha (was) a forgiver, (was)
highly exalted; he (was) redeemed from
the four (regions of hell) ; this (was
due to) the affliction of the spearing and wounding (of Meshiha)on the cross.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This (was) the
affliction on the cross even of the messenger of Jehovah<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dr J J Modi</b> (AD1923-1926)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>9 Li zibah vai 10 min 11 Ninav val 12 denman 1
Napisht 2 Mar Shapur 3 Li (mun) ahrob 5 Mashiah6 avakhshah 7 i min 8 khar bokht<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I, a beautiful bird
from Nineveh, (have come) to this (country) Written by Mar Shapur. Holy
Messiah, the forgiver, freed me from thorn( affliction)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>C P T Winkworth.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
C P T Winkworth
published a detailed study about all these inscriptions in 1929.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn37" name="_ednref37" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Winkworth studied about all these
Crosses except Alengad and Goa. He also consulted with Dr Ernest Herzfeld who was well known
for his extensive work in Persia.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn38" name="_ednref38" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Winkworth proposed that all these inscriptions are copies of an original, based
on the finding that a few letters are upside down and a word as mirror image,
raising the possibility that the copiers used series of rubbings or estampages
to cut the new inscription where, the reverse side of the rubbing was used to
produce the mirror image of a word and rubbing put on wrong way to create the
upside down letters. He proposed that the smaller Kottayam Cross was the model
for Kadamattam Cross, even the Mailappore Cross could be a copy of the smaller
Kottayam Cross based on the calligraphic appearances. This theory was generally
accepted in the Seventeenth International Congress of Orientalists in Oxford,
1928.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn39" name="_ednref39" title="">[39]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn39" name="_ednref39" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Interpretations of
Winkworth.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
'My Lord Christ, have mercy upon Afras, son of
Chaharbukht, the Syrian who cut this'.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn40" name="_ednref40" title="">[40]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn40" name="_ednref40" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The revised
interpretation by Winkworth 1930.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn41" name="_ednref41" title="">[41]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn41" name="_ednref41" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
'My Lord Christ, have
mercy upon Afras, son of Chaharbukht, the syrian who preserved this.'<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
'My Lord Christ, have
mercy upon Afras, son of Chaharbukht who put it around.'<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Recent Interpretations</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>W B Henning</b>. 1958<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>MRH-mn msyh ph s d QDM Y ch rbwt T Gywrgys MNW
wn rt ZNH<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Our Lord Jesus Christ,
have mercy about son of Chaharbuxt, son of George who erects this.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn42" name="_ednref42" title="">[42]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn42" name="_ednref42" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Gerd Gropp</b> 1970<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
May our Lord the
Messiah have mercy on Gabriel, son of Chaharbokht, grandson of Durzad who made
this (Cross).<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn43" name="_ednref43" title="">[43]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn43" name="_ednref43" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Philippe Gignoux</b>. 1995<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
May our Lord the
Messiah have mercy upon Sabriso, son of Chaharboxt the deft, who sculpted this (Cross).<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn44" name="_ednref44" title="">[44]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn44" name="_ednref44" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Carlo G Cereti, Luca M Oliviery, Fr Joseph
Vazhuthanapalli</b>-(CICAR-CASI)2002<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>MR Hmm msyh phs d QDM spys<x> Y ch rbwht
Y swlzydy MNW bw(y)lt ZNE<o:p></o:p></x></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Our Lord Christ, have
pity on Sabriso, son of Caharboxt, son of Suray who bore (brought ?) this
(cross)<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn45" name="_ednref45" title="">[45]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn45" name="_ednref45" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>6. Epigraphy of Alengad Sliva.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Alengad Sliva was
extensively studied by eminent Pahlavi Scholar B T Anklesaria in 1958 AD. The
initial researchers studied about the inscriptions of different Crosses but had
only three Crosses available- the Mailappur Cross and two Kottayam Valiya palli
Crosses. Later, more Crosses were found at Muttuchira and Kadamattom. CPT
Winkworth analysed all these Crosses, but
the Alengad Sliva was not discovered yet.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mr B T Anklesaria had
the opportunity to study all the Crosses and to consider all the previous
learned deciphering during his reading. Anklesaria read the inscription on
Alengad Sliva carefully analysing the reading of other scholars word by word
and letter by letter, and came to a conclusion as below.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1 <i>Mo-la-he</i> (Lord) 2 <i>Masiha</i>
(anointed)3 <i>Awa-khsai-ch</i> (savior too)
4 <i>u</i> (and) 5 <i>madam</i> (supreme)6 <i>apras</i>
(revelation) 7 <i>ich</i> (too/of)
8 <i>cha-ar-b-ap</i> (four
apostles) 9 <i>Su-riha</i> (Syrians) 10 <i>man-u</i>
(whom) 11 <i>bo-kht</i> (saved) 12 <i>dan-he</i>
( this)<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn46" name="_ednref46" title="">[46]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn46" name="_ednref46" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mr Anklesaria
discusses that from the time of Artakhsir i Papakan (226-230AD) up to the time
of Narsih Sahpur (293-302AD),no conjuncts were used in Pahlavi inscriptions, except for
occasional intentional or unintentional writing together of 'an'. From the time
of Sahpuhr the III (383-388AD) the conjuncts '<i>an</i>' and '<i>ph</i>' started
appearing in coin legends (coin inscriptions) The conjuncts '<i>at</i>' and '<i>ap</i>' on the coins of Khusru Kavat (488-531 AD) and '<i>khv</i>' , <i>'ru' </i> and '<i>ap</i>' on the coins of Khusru Kavatan, '<i>ra</i>' or <i>'rh'</i> on the coins of
Varahran VI and the conjunct '<i>ache</i>' as in the word <i>'molache'</i> in our Sliva inscriptions are
found in the coins of Hormazd IV ( 579-590 AD), Khusru II (590- 628 AD) and
Yazdkart III (632-641 and 641-651 AD in exile) but never seen in MS Pahlavi<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn47" name="_ednref47" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. In
the Pahlavi inscriptions of these Slivas, there exist a large number of
conjuncts. It has to be noted that these inscriptions use a mode of orthography
found later in Pahlavi MSS. The oldest Pahlavi manuscript known to exist was
written in the eighth century AD.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn48" name="_ednref48" title="">[48]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn48" name="_ednref48" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Anklesaria comments
that the inscriptions on these Crosses are similar with only minor variations,
some of the variations could be decorative modifications at the beginning and
end. He thinks that the oldest of these Crosses could have been erected in, or
soon after or earlier to the time of Sasanian Emperor Sahpuhr II (340AD) , but
could not be earlier to the Paikuli inscription of King Nars-ahi (293-302AD)<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn49" name="_ednref49" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
But it is not clear why he made an assumption that the latest date could be 340
AD or immediately after that year when there are features of orthography of
Pahlavi MSS, the earliest that is still extant is of 8th century AD. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Anklesaria calls the
Cross found at Alengad as Cranganore Cross in his article without any specific references and comments
that the Cross at Alengad is the oldest,
as it is the only Cross where we can find
the ninth word '<i>suriha'</i>
inscribed without any faults and also the conjunct <i>'ich' </i>is written distinctly at the end of the third word- <i>'awakhs--aisch'</i> and
in the seventh word <i>'afras--ich'</i>. The conjunct <i>'ich'</i> is distinctly cut in the smaller
Kottayam Cross also. The '<i>ch</i>' of the
eighth word <i>'chahar-bap</i>' is connected
to the <i>'ich</i>' of the 7th word probably
by mistake in both Kottayam Crosses but in Alengad Sliva, it is correctly cut
separate from 7th word. The Alengad Cross is the only one in which the fourth
word, the conjunction 'u' prefixed to 'madam'.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the Alengad Sliva,
in the eighth word <i>'ch-arb-o-ap-o-o'</i>,
two dots are found over the letter <i>'r</i>'
which the engravers of Kottayam Crosses thought that these are to be attached
to the letter <i>'r</i>' and cut it <i>'har</i>' instead of '<i>ar</i>' , thus altering the word <i>'ch-ar'</i>
to <i>'ch-har'</i>.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn50" name="_ednref50" title="">[50]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn50" name="_ednref50" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Anklesaria has clearly
noted the crack on the Alengad Sliva formed by the fire as mentioned earlier.
The crack is found on the lower part of the Sliva extending from the word <i>'b-o-ap'</i> on the left side breaking the the <i>'a'</i> in the first part of the conjunct '<i>ap</i>' and the horrizontal line of the
letter '<i>b</i>' below the conjunct <i>'ap</i>' to the first letter <i>'b</i>'
of the eleventh word <i>'b-o-kh-t-o',</i>
making this <i>'b</i>' appear like '<i>v</i>' with a line under the letters <i>'o-kh-t'</i>. This '<i>b</i>'
is cut distinctly in the two Kottayam Crosses, the Mount Cross and the
Muttuchira Cross. Thus, it appears that even when there are degradation of
quality in many letters in other copies from Alengad Cross, the degradation due to this crack found in
Alengad is not copied to the rest of the copies. This is an evidence that the
Alengad Sliva was copied before the crack was formed, validating the assumption
that this crack was formed during the fire in AD 1603 as described by Gouvea.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>7.Age of these Inscriptions.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The age of these
inscriptions have been fixed at about 7th or 8th century AD by most of the
Pahlavi experts. As the conjunct 'ache' is found from 579 AD but not seen used
in 8th century Pahlavi MSS, we have to assume that the inscriptions could be
belong to a period between 6th to 8th
century AD.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As mentioned earlier,
these Pahlavi inscribed Sliva-s are pointing towards a Pahlavi phase of the
Church of Saint Thomas Christians in Malabar, when the Thomas Christians were
hierarchically dependent on the Church of Fars which used Pahlavi as their
liturgical language. Chronicles of Seert <span lang="EN-US">narrates that
Mana, the Bishop of Rewardushir ( Fars- South Persia) wrote religious
discourses, canticles and hymns in Pahlavi language and translated the works of
Diodore and Theodore of Mopseustia into Syriac and sent them to India and the
islands of the sea in 470 AD.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn51" name="_ednref51" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span> It
was Patriarch Iso Yahb III (650-660 AD)
or his successor Sliba Zcha (714-728 AD) who raised the Church of India to a
Metropolitan See directly under the Patriarch of Selusia- Ctesiphon.<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_edn52" name="_ednref52" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Therefore, the Pahlavi phase might have extended a period from 5th century AD
to 8th century AD and these Crosses might have been erected during these
period, or brought to Malabar later by the Persian immigrants. If it was the Persian immigrants who brought a Sliva
with Pahlavi inscriptions and they, or
the local Christians made copies of it, then the age of the inscriptions may
not be pertinent to the history of the Church of the Christians of Saint
Thomas.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>8. Conclusion.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Alengad Sliva seems to
be the oldest Pahlavi inscribed Crosses of South India and the rest of the Crosses are copies of it.
Thus, Alengad Sliva is the most ancient Christian artefact found in South India
and is the most valuable antiquity of the Nasrani Syrian Christian Community of
Malabar. This Sliva was venerated by the forefathers of the Christian
settlement in Alengad during the period of Antonio de Gouvea and Archbishop
Alexis De Menesis, but later neglected and dumped on the wayside without
knowing what it is, until rediscovered by Rev Fr. Joseph Panjikkaren in 1931 AD.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This Sliva was adorned
in the <i>Madbha</i> of a shrine in Alengad, as recorded by the early Portuguese
writers which was the custom of the native Christians. This shrine was made of
bamboo and clay. Therefore, this shrine that was dedicated to the Holy Cross
could have been the oldest Church of the Christian settlement in Alengad rather
than the Saint Mary's Church that was made of stones. We know that many of the
ancient Churches of Saint Thomas Christians that were made of bamboo and clay
were rebuilt by the Portuguese with stones. Thus, this Sliva was the symbol of worship of the ancient Christian
settlement of Alengad.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If this Cross was the
Burnt Cross of Alengad, then the Sliva described by Gouvea in Kodungallur (Cranganore)
town in front of which the Archbishop Menesis celebrated a solemn mass is still
missing, could be hidden somewhere in the locality. There is scope for more
investigations and excavations in the area. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Recently, the
Christian Community of Alengad built a brand new Church- building demolishing
the old one. It is sad that this invaluable momento, which was the most adorned
Christian imagery of the local Christians before the introduction of various
statues of Saints and statues of Misiha on the Cross, is still neglected in a chapel on the side of
the road unprotected in the damp environment. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Syro Malabar Major
Archiepiscopal Church has a duty to protect and preserve this most ancient symbol of worship evolved among the local
Christian community. The Holy Synod should take special interest in setting up a
Christian Archaeology Centre to conduct further researches and excavations to
find the missing Crosses like the one described by Antonio Gouvea and to
protect and preserve the existing monuments.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sVaurK4L7Ng/Uu69vI4dXsI/AAAAAAAAHOg/iChnhaE6Dxw/s1600/P7161873.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sVaurK4L7Ng/Uu69vI4dXsI/AAAAAAAAHOg/iChnhaE6Dxw/s1600/P7161873.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The old Saint Mary's Church at Alengad.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="display: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-hide: all;"> illhillhi</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US"> </span></i><i>Sliva</i> is a Syriac word for Cross. Alengad Sliva is a
granite bas relief plain Cross with Pahlavi inscriptions. It has a floral
arrangements in the base and a descending dove touching the top of the Cross. <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>BERNARD THOMAS, <i>Mar Thoma Kristhyanikal</i>,( Book published
in Malayalam language- Saint Thomas Christians ) Mar Thoma Sleeha Press, Palai,
1916 p 325.( The History of The saint Thomas Christians by Rev Fr Bernard of
Saint Thomas T O C D)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> PIUS MALEKKANDATHIL</span><i>, Jornada of Dom Alexis De Menezes: A
Portuguese Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar</i>, LRC Publications, Kochi, 2003, p 594.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i>Angamaly Padiyola</i>-01.02.1787 AD, page 3 of the copy, <i>Varthamana
pusthakam</i>, PAREMMAKKAL THOMMAN CATHANAAR, Oriental Institute of Religious
Studies India Publications, reprint 1989
p480-481.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>Archdeacon was the
most privileged position among the
Thomas Christians. A native Cathanaar
holds this dignity which is next only to the Archbishop. He was the temporal
head of the Church in Malabar. The Archdeacon of All India had certain
ceremonial role also in enthroning the local King. Even when Archbishop Mar
Abraham was present, Pope Gregory XIII has sent five Papal briefs to the
Archdeacon, recognising the dignity of this title among the Nasrani community.
(Rev Dr Xavier Koodapuzha, <i>Bharatha sabha
Charithram</i>- History of the Church in India-p301, Rev Dr Xavier Koodpuzha, <i>Mar Thoma Nasrani Sabha Vijnana Kosham</i>-
Encyclopaedia of Saint Thomas Christian Church- p124.) The Apostolic Commissary
and Later the Archbishop, Joseph Sebastiani wrote "Among the Christians of Saint Thomas, the
position of the Archdeacon is next to the Archbishop. It is a very ancient privileged
position which comes down in succession .It is a great dignity as it is
according to the Greek (Eastern) Church. There is no other indigenous dignity
neither secular nor religious, greater than Archdeacon, who is considered to be
the prince and Head of the Saint Thomas Christians" Archives of the
Congregation of Propaganda Fide, Rome, Scritti riferitti nel Congr., General,
Vol 233, f.111 ( Xavier Koodapuzha<i>,
Bharatha Sabha Charithram</i>, pp 301-302)<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>The Syrian Christian
Priests were called Cathanaars. It may be a Malabar version of the Syriac word
Kassessa. In the Portuguese documents,
the word Kassanar is used. (Rev Dr Xavier Koodapuzha, <i>Marthoma Sabha Vijnana Kosham</i>, p208 <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>XAVIER KOODAPUZHA, <i>Mar Thoma Nasrani Sabha Vijnana Kosham</i>, (Encyclopaedia
of Saint Thomas Christians, )p 126<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> PAREMMAKKAL THOMMAN CATHANAAR,</span><i>Varthamana Pusthakam</i>, Janatha Services Thevara, reprint 1987 OIRSI
p45.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>BERNARD THOMAS, Opus cit. pp 325-326.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> PIUS MALEKKANDATHIL, Opus cit. p 137.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> JOANNES FACUNDUS RAULIN</span>,
<i>Historis Ecclesiae Malabaricae cum
Diamperitana Synodo</i>, Rome, 1745,p 428 cited by <span lang="EN-US">PIUS
MELEKKANDATHIL, </span><i>Jornada of Dom Alexis De Menesis: A Portuguese
Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar, LRC Publications </i>Cochin, 2003 p136, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
PAULINUS DE
BARTHOLOMEW, <i>India Orientalis Christiana</i>, Roma, 1794,p 267.cited by PIUS
MALEKKANDATHIL ,Opus cit p 136.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
Raulin was the
former Superior General of the Order of the Hermites of Saint Augustine,
translated the acts of the Synod of Diamper from Portuguese into Latin. As an
introduction, he wrote a summary of the Jordana and a short History of
Christianity in India. ( PIUS MALEKKANDATHIL, Opus cit. pxxi)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> DU PERRON</span>, <i>Zend Avesta</i>, p vol I p I.33 as cited by <span lang="EN-US">PIUS MALEKKANDATHIL, </span><i>Jornada of Dom Alexis De Menesis: A Portuguese
Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar</i>, LRC Publications Cochin, 2003 .p136 foot note 128<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">ANTONY
VALLAVANTHARA, <i>India in 1500 AD</i>,
Gorgias Press, pp166-167, 231</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> PIUS MALEKKANDATHIL, Opus
cit. p245.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref15" name="_edn15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> HENRY E J STANLEY, </span><i>A Description of the coasts of East Africa and
Malabar in the beginning of Sixteenth century by Duarte Barbosa</i>,
London, Hakluyt Society, p188, 189, 202<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>J J MODI, <i>A Christian Cross with a Pahlavi Inscription
recently discovered in the Travancore State,
Journal of the Bombay Branch
of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>, vol
II, August 1926, pp 1-18.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn17">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref17" name="_edn17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>H HOSTEN S J, <i>Antiquities from San Thome and Mailappore</i>,
The Diocese of Mailappore, p341<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn18">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref18" name="_edn18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>JOSEPH VAZHUTHANAPALLI,
<i>Archaeology of Mar Sliba</i>, Oriental
Institute of Religious Studies India Publications, Kottyam, p 16 foot note 30<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn19">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref19" name="_edn19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> COSME JOS COSTA</span>, <i>Apostolic Christianity in Goa and in the
West Coast,</i> Xavarian Publication Society, 2009, p 75.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn20">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref20" name="_edn20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> PIUS MALEKKANDATHIL, Opus cit. p216,</span> also foot note 177 on p 216- (Page 138 of Gouvea's original work
mentions about several crosses found inside the churches are called as Saint Thomas Crosses).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
PIUS
MALEKKANDATHIL, Opus cit. pp244-245 and also foot note 190 on p 245<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn21">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref21" name="_edn21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>PIUS MALEKKANDATHIL,
opus cit. pp 216-217<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn22">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref22" name="_edn22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> </span>B
T ANKLESARIA, <i>The Pahlavi inscription on
the Crosses in South India</i>, Journal of K R Cama Oriental Institute, Bombay,
Ed Jamshed C Tarapore, 1958, vol 39 p 82<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn23">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref23" name="_edn23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> PIUS MALEKKANDATHIL, </span>Opus
cit. p 136 foot note 128 citing Anquetil Du Perron, Zend Avesta, vol I pI.33<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn24">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref24" name="_edn24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> PIUS MALEKKANDATHIL, </span>Opus
cit. p359<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn25">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref25" name="_edn25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>PIUS MALEKKANDATHIL,
Opus. cit p359.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn26">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref26" name="_edn26" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>See foot notes 12 and
19 above.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn27">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref27" name="_edn27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>B T ANKLESARIA, Opus
cit., p82<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn28">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref28" name="_edn28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <a href="http://www.smcim.org/church/mapranam/article/299">http://www.smcim.org/church/mapranam/article/299</a>
accessed on 01/01/2014</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn29">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref29" name="_edn29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>BERNARD THOMAS , <i>Mar Thoma Kristhyanikal-</i> Saint Thomas
Christians-Saint Thomas Apostle Press, Palai, 1916, p 324<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn30">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref30" name="_edn30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> BERNARD THOMAS</span> Opus
cit p305<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn31">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref31" name="_edn31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> BERNARD THOMAS</span>, Opus
cit., p 324<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn32">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref32" name="_edn32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>BERNARD THOMAS opus
cit p 315 <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn33">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref33" name="_edn33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> H HOSTEN, Opus cit.p 351</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn34">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref34" name="_edn34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>A M MUNDADAN, <i>The arrival of the Portuguese in India and
the Thomas Christians under Mar Jacob,</i>Bangalore, 1967, p 75, 73 cited by J<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;">ACOB KOLLAMPARAMPIL, <i>The Persian Crosses in India are Christian, not Manichaen</i>,
Christian Orient, March 1994, p 30</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn35">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref35" name="_edn35" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> HENRY E J STANLEY, </span><i>A Description of the coasts of East Africa and
Malabar in the beginning of Sixteenth century by Duarte Barbosa</i>,
London, Hakluyt Society,pp162-3, 176<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn36">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref36" name="_edn36" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>B T ANKLESARIA, Opus
cit. pp67-70<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn37">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref37" name="_edn37" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>C P T WINKWORTH, <i>A new interpretation of the Pahlavi Cross
inscriptions of South India</i>, The Journal of Theological studies, April
1929, cited by T K JOSEPH, Ed <i>Kerala
Society Papers series 3</i> p159-166 <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn38">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref38" name="_edn38" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> T K JOSEPH, Observations on </span>C P T WINKWORTH, <i>A new
interpretation of the Pahlavi Cross inscriptions of South India</i>, The
Journal of Theological studies, April 1929, T K Joseph, Ed Kerala Society
Papers series 3 pp164-166 <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn39">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref39" name="_edn39" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>C P T WINKWORTH, <i>A new interpretation of the Pahlavi Cross
inscriptions of South India</i>, The Journal of Theological studies, April
1929, cited by T K Joseph, Ed Kerala Society Papers series 3 p159-166 <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn40">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref40" name="_edn40" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>C P T WINKWORTH, <i>A new interpretation of the Pahlavi Cross
Inscriptions of Southern India</i>, Kerala Society Papers, Series 3, p163.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn41">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref41" name="_edn41" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>T K JOSEPH, <i>Revised Interpretation of the Pahlavi Cross
Inscriptions of Southern India</i>, Kerala Society Papers, Series 5, p 267-268.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn42">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref42" name="_edn42" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>CARLO G CERETI, LUCA M
OLIVIERY, JOSEPH VAZHUTHANAPPALLI, <i>The
Problem of the Saint Thomas Crosses and related Questions. Epigraphical Surveys
and Preliminary Research</i>, East and West 52, pp 285-310<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="edn43">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref43" name="_edn43" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>GEORGE NEDUNGATT, <i>Quest for The Historical Thomas Apostle of
India; a re reading of Evidence,</i> Theological Publications in India, Bangalore,2008, p386 citing G GROPP,
<i>'Die Pahlavi-Inschrift auf dem
Thomaskreus in Madras' ,Archaelogisches Mitteilungen aus Iran,</i> NF 3, 1970,
pp 267-271.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn44">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref44" name="_edn44" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>GEORGE NEDUNGATT, Opus
cit. p385-386 citing PHILIPPE GIGNOUX, <i>'The
Pahlavi Inscriptions on Mount Thomas Cross (South India)', Solving Riddles and
Untying Knots</i>: Biblical , Epigraphin and Semitic studies in Honour
of J C Greenfield, Eisenbrauns, 1995, pp 411-422.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn45">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref45" name="_edn45" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>CARLO G CERETI, LUCA M
OLIVIERY, JOSEPH VAZHUTHANAPPALLI, Opus cit.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn46">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref46" name="_edn46" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>B T ANKLESARIA, Opus
cit. p70.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn47">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref47" name="_edn47" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>B T ANKLESARIA, opus
cit. p70<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn48">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref48" name="_edn48" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>E W WEST, <i>Pahlavi Literature</i>, p79 citing E SACHAU,
<i>Fragmente von Pahlavi-Papyri aus Aegypten,
Z. f. Aegypt</i>. Spr. 1878,pp. 114—116. http://farsibg.com/library/Pahlavi_Literature-E.W.West.pdf.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
E W WEST, <i>Pahlavi
Texts</i>, Cambridge University Collection vol I Introduction p xxi<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn49">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref49" name="_edn49" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>B T ANKLESARIA, Opus
cit. p80<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn50">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref50" name="_edn50" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>B T ANKLESARIA, Opus
cit. pp 81-82<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn51">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref51" name="_edn51" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">A MINGANA, Early <i>spread of Christianity in India</i>, The
Journal of the John Rylands Library vol 10 p 460</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="edn52">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/DELL/Documents/NASRANI/My%20Nasrani%20Articles/Articles/Alengad%20Cross/Alengad%20Sliva%20the%20neglected%20jewel%2026%20Jan%202014.docx#_ednref52" name="_edn52" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>PLACID PODIPARA, <i>The Hierarchy of Syro Malabar Church</i>, in
<i>Collected Works of Rev. Dr. Placid J
Podipara CMI</i>, Vol I, p 666.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-81956256794055576392013-01-05T22:35:00.000+00:002013-01-11T15:48:51.079+00:00The Puthencoor and Pazhayacoor- Tragic Division of Thomas Christians of Malabar<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The ancient Apostolic Christianity
of India- the Nasranis are divided into several denominations today. They were
a united community under the Patriarch of the East using East Syriac liturgy.
Now, they are divided into several denominations with different liturgies. There are groups in Universal Catholic communion besides a few autocephalous churches and
sections remaining as part of the Syrian Church of Antioch and the Assyrian Church of the East. Broadly they use two
different families of liturgies- the East Syrian Liturgy and the West Syrian
liturgy. So, we can classify them as East Syrian Churches and West Syrian
Churches of Malabar.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Coonan Cross oath and the
aftermath of it, caused the first division of Nasranis the group led by the Archdacon Parampil Thomas and the group led by Cathanar Parampil Chandy. The group led by Parampil Chandy was called Pazhayacoor (the old loyalists) and the group led by Archdeacon Thomas was called Puthencoor (the new loyalists). The
religio political situation existed then, forced the Puthencoor to get
affiliated to the Syrian Church of Antioch and to adopt the West Syrian liturgy
gradually. Thus, the Puthencoor community became West Syriac Church of Malabar
and the Pazhayacoor remained the East Syriac Church of Malabar.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There has been some recent
discontent about the validity of these terminologies.Some argue that it was the
Archdeacon's party that is the official group and hence, they should be called
Pazhaycoor or old loyalists. The other opinion is that it was the Archdeacon's
party who were revolted against the existing system and hence they are the
newly formed party-Puthencoor.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This terminology was accepted in the
past. Edavalikkel Philippose Kathannar in his book 'The Syrian Christians of
Malabar: otherwise called the Christians of Saint Thomas', James Parker and Co,
Oxford and London, 1869 comments about this terminologies. The Niranom Chronicles also use the terminology.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The terminolgy Puthencoor and
Pazhayacoor was about the loyalty towards the authority of Jurisdiction rather
than the rite. Archdeacon's party erected a rival jurisdictional authority
against what prevailed since AD 1554, about 99 years. That was why the term
Puthencoor applied to them. Eminent Indian Orthodox Historian Dr M Kurian
Thomas also comments about this in his book about the Niranam Chronicles and
agrees with this fact.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In AD 1554, Mar Joseph Sulaqa
arrived in Malabar, appointed by Mar Abdisho, the Chaldean Patriarch. Mar
Joseph received pallium from the Pope of Rome. This was the beginning of the
explicit communion of Thomas Christians with the Pope of Rome. Even
before, Mar Jacob, one of the Bishops arrived in AD 1504 was reportedly lenient
towards the Portuguese Missionaries. </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The initial relations of Thomas
Christians with the Portuguese Roman Catholics were friendly. The Portuguese
Missionaries were allowed to preach in our churches. They even set up a
seminary in Cranganore to train our clergy. It was only when they tried to wipe
out the Syriac Christianity that our forefathers resisted.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The seminary at Cranganore was a
failure due to theresistance of the Thomas Christians. Then the Portuguese
stepped back and tried different tactics to win the Thomas Christians, like
influencing the Kings and showing their power etc. Synod of Diamper was also a
similar effort. Our leaders accepted it. That was why, both groups used the
latinised East Syrian rite and Latin elements like statues in their churches. </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To sum up, in AD 1653, at the time
of Coonan Cross oath,the whole of Thomas Christians were in explicit communion
with the Pope of Rome. The Churches were filled with statues and
murals and using latinised East Syrian liturgy. Among the Thomas Christians at
that time, there would have been no one clergy or laity alive who was borne and
brought up in the community before the beginning of this explicit communion
with the Catholic Church- that is 99 years. So, the whole generation of
clergy and laity were trained in a latinised way and practicing their faith
modified according to the norms of the Roman Catholic Church and remembering
the name of the Pope in the Holy Qurbana.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It has been documented that Mar
Thomas Parambil ( Mar Thoma I ) discouraged Mar Gregorius from celebrating Holy
Qurbana in his own rite, in a fear that it might cause dissatisfaction in the
community and he might lose the flock. It is clearly documented that the
Puthencoor community continued the Latin elements for more than 100 years after
this division. In the Chronicles of Niranam, there are mentions about the
celebration of ash wednesday as in Latin rite by the Puthencoor community.This
itself is a proof that the whole of Thomas Christians were in explicit communion
with the Catholic Church for a long time sufficient enough to even the
Archdeacon's party also to be latinised with widespread use of statues and
murals in their churches as per the norm of the Roman Catholic Church.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was in this context that during
the Coonan Cross Oath and immediate events after it, the Archdeacon Thomas
claimed the mandate of the Pope of Rome against the Jesuits. This is clearly seen in
the contemporary documents kept in the Jesuit archives. These documents have
been studied by many people. Even the actual oath was also not explicitly
against the Pope but against the Jesuites.( Even though many people claim that
it was against the Pope and Roman Catholic Church, none of the even anti
Catholic authors agreed with it) Arch deacon Thomas has written letters to Rome
requesting to replace Jesuites with Dominicans or Carmelites. That was why Rome
sent Carmelites Joseph Sebastiani and Vincent Hyacinth against the Portuguese
Padruado, to pacify the situation and to win the Thomas Christians back. </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What happened after Coonan Cross
Oath was erecting a rival jurisdictional authority by consecrating the
Archdeacon as a Bishop. Contemporary documents even show that for this
consecration also, Archdeacon Thomas claimed the mandate of the Pope of Rome .</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The vast majority- total - was with
the Archdeacon. All accepted Mar Thoma I (Archdeacon Thomas) as a Bishop who
was claimed to be consecrated with the mandate of Pope.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Situation changed by the arrival of
Joseph Maria Sebastiani, the Carmelite sent from Rome on the earlier request of
Archdeacon Thomas. Sebastiani convinced the community leaders that this
consecration was not according to the mandate of the Pope and also it was
invalid and Archdeacon Thomas was not a Bishop. The community did not want to
go back to the Jesuite Bishops. So, Rome consecrated Sebastiani as a Bishop for
the Thomas Christians (AD 1659). </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now, for the Thomas Christian
community, Sebastiani was sent by the Pope for them. A good section of Thomas
Christians returned to Catholic fold under Mar Sebastiani. </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Due to the change in the colonial
politics, Sebastiani had to leave and he consecrated Mar Parambil Chandy as the
new bishop in AD 1663. Mar Chandy even started using the term Archbishop and the
Gate of India, while Archdeacon Thomas was still an illegitimately consecrated
'pseudo bishop'. Everybody considered that there is going to be a new line of
native Bishops for Thomas Christians from Mar Chandy. The majority joined
Bishop Chandy. It was only in AD 1665 that Mar Thoma I was legitimately
consecrated as a Bishop by Mar Gregoriose.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are arguments about the
legitimacy of the Archdeaconate of Parambil Thomas and illegitmacy of the
leadership of Parambil Chandy. The issue is not simple and straightforward. We do not know since when the Archdeacon was
hereditary and since when we had Archdeacons in our church. It is true that
Archdeacons were like the local ruler of the Christians. The Archdeacons in the
Church of the East did not have the glory that our Archdeacons had. </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But the dignity of Archdeacons of
Malabar was reduced after the Synod of Diamper (AD 1599). At some time, there
were two Archdeacons in our community, attached to two rival Bishops from East
Syrian Church. Thus, the Archdeacon's dignity became like a Vicar General.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are some people who want to
say that it was the Archdeacon who was the centre of our church and the Bishops
were a mere person to ordain priests. That was not the case. We, the Thomas
Christians were in full conformity with the Church of the East and Episcopal
dignity was a key figure in our ecclesiastical and temporal life. Whenever
there was a period of absence of a Bishop, our community always sent a
delegation to the Patriarch of the East for a Bishop. So, like Christians elsewhere
in the World, we honoured the Episcopal dignity and the Archdeacon was only the
leader of the community.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parambil Thomas was the legitimate
Archdeaon. In the complex political situation after the Coonan Cross oath, most
of the community viewed Archdeacon Thomas as a person who lead the church to a
mess without an Episcopal hierarchy and communion but a self proclaimed
illegitimate Bishop where as Parambil Chandy fought with Jesuites and helped in
getting an Episcopal dignity other than that of the Jesuites, with the mandate
of the Pope and lead the church into a dignity with rest of the Christendom and
communion with the Pope as we did for 113 years by then. So the majority of the
community accepted ParambilChandy as the leader and he became the Bishop and
all expected that this is the end of foreign rule and there is going to be a
line of native Bishops from him. But sadly to say, that did not happen and the
Pazhayacoor went under the suppressive rule of foreign Bishops. When a Latin
Rite Bishop was consecrated as the successor of Mar Chandy, a few churches of Pazhayacoor even
joined Puthencoor -like Manarcadu, Puthuppally, Piravom etc.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While Portuguese ( Roman Catholic)
missionaries tried to keep the Pazhayacoor with them, the anti Catholic
European Colonialists tried to keep a section away from the Roman Catholic
Church by extending all support and arms. It was they who brought Mar Gregorius
in AD 1665. Later also, they organised to get Bishops from Middle East- when
they were in desperate situation, they brought even Bishops with odd behaviours
creating lot of unrest in the community. We do not even know the real identity
of the so called Kallada Mooppan who arrived in Malabar in AD 1676. The British
used a lot of force and even paid money to get the Puthencoor Cathanaars
married. </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So, the whole history of divisions
and disputes among the Thomas Christians of Malabar is a reflection of the
Colonial politics at that time. We were mere puppets in their hands. </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the evolution of the Puthencoor
Community, there were resistance against the adoption of West Syrian Liturgy
and submission of jurisdiction to the Syrian Church of Antioch. This difference
in opinion complicated with the influence of the Protestant Churches caused the
Puthencoor Community to divide into 4 different churches- the Malankara
Orthodox Syrian Church, Indian Orthodox Church, Marthoma Syrian Church and the
Thozhiyoor Independent Syrian Church. There were several divisions, excommunications and reconciliations and even law suits about the Church property for
several years and continues even today. During this conflict, a small section
went into communion with the Catholic Church- The Syro Malankara Catholic
Church. </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Pazhayacoor remained in the then existed Catholic Communion,
initially under native Thomas Christian Bishop Mar Chandy, but later fell under
the suppressive rule by the European Latin Bishops. The community fought
vigourously for independence and self rule and to protect the identity of the
Church. They stood for protecting their East Syrian Liturgy from Latinisations
of the different Roman Catholic Missionaries and authorities. During this
struggle, they tried to get in communion with the Chaldean Catholic Church.
This led to consecrating a native Malabar Thomas Christian Paulose Pandari- Mar
Abraham by the Chaldean Catholic Patriarch and later sending two Chaldean
Catholic Bishops to Malabar- Mar Thomas Rochos and Mar Eliya Meloos. These
efforts led to a split which caused a minor group going into communion with the non
Catholic Church of the East- the Chaldean Church of Trichur. </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is a misnomer that the Church of the East in India is called
Chaldeans. The East Syrians in communion with the Roman Catholic Church are
called the Chaldeans but the Chaldeans of Trichur are part of the non Catholic Church
of the East. The Thomas Christians of Malabar had a strong feeling of the Syro Chaldean
identity since AD 1554. Their rite was called Syro Chaldean. The Pazhayacoor group wanted to get communion with the
Chaldean Catholic Church of Babylon but due to the inability of Chaldean
Catholic Patriarch to help, the Chaldeans of Trichur turned towards their religio political
rival group in Mesopotamia, the non Catholic Church of the East, the present
day Assyrian Church of the East. Being pro Chaldean in thier outlook they retained the name Chaldean, even though they are part of the Church of the East.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The vast majority of Pazhayacoor
continued their struggle and eventually they succeeded in attaining a sui iruis
status with a Major Arch Bishop as the Father and Head of the particular with a synod of Bishops. The
saddening fact is that when the Pazhayacoor Catholic Syrian Christians were
under the suppressive rule of the Latin prelates, their Cathanaars and faithful
were fighting for retaining their syro chaldean identity and self rule. But,
once the native Thomas Christians became in charge, they tried to imitate the
latin church and diluted the Syro Chaldean identity. They considered the Syro
Malabar Church as an offshoot of Latin Church and tried to get united with the
Latin Church of India to have a single rite of Catholics in India.( Willaim
Macomber, 1977). </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Out of of this ignorance, a generation of Syro Malabar
Catholics were formed who do not understand the Syrian traditions. Even
scholars started talking about creating an Indian Anaphora and Indian Liturgy.
By the Grace of God, Rome discouraged all those attempts and the Roman Pontiffs
even sent letters of strong words to the Syro Malabar Hierarchy to preserve
their Syro Chaldean rite. Sadly, this was viewed and accused by some corners as
Chaldeanisation, forgetting the fact that the whole history of the Pazhayacoor
Catholic Syrian Christians from AD 1599 till AD 1896 when native Thomas Christians were appointed as Prelates, can be summarised as a united fight and
sufferings to preserve the Syro Chaldean identity. Thus, we can see that a section in the
real Pazhayacoor today is trying to evolve into a brand new Churh, invalidating the term Pazhayacoor.</span></div>
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Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-59006993435457722302012-05-20T18:44:00.003+01:002012-05-20T20:44:02.496+01:00"Cruz de Sam Thome" - Crosses of Saint Thomas- Mar Thoma SlibaAntonio Gouvea has documented that the Pahlavi inscribed crosses of South India as Crosses of Saint Thomas. He has witnessed that our churches were all adorned with these Crosses like those of the miracle of S. Thome, which they call Cross of Saint Thomas. (1). Gouvea used the phrase "Cruz de Sam Thome." in his famous book 'Jornada of Dom Alexis Menesis' (2) His accounts show two important points. <br />
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1 Our Churches were adorned with Mar Thoma Crosses.<br />
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2 The native Christians called them Crosses of Saint Thomas- Mar Thoma Slibas.<br />
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There are many who argues that with the phrase "Cruz de Sam Thome", Gouvea meant as Cross of the city of Saint Thomas- Mailappore. In short, their argument is that Gouvea called these as Crosses of Mailappore not Crosses of Saint Thomas. They argue that the term Saint Thomas Cross or Mar Thoma Sliba is a later invention manipulating Gouvea's words. It is not true. <br />
<br />
Gouvea was describing widespread presence of granite Crosses in Malabar Churches as a prominent religio cultural symbol of Thomas Christians of Malabar. Addressing these Crosses as Crosses of Mailappore does not fit into the context as there was only one Cross at Mailppore and how can he name Crosses found in Malabar as Crosses of Mailappore, another geographical place ? Crosses of Saint Thomas or Crosses of Saint Thomas Christians or Crosses of Saint Thomas' tradition may fit well in this context. He could have only mentioned, Crosses similar to that of Mailappore, which he did already. <br />
<br />
Here, it is not what he wanted to say, but he was reporting what people said during the time period.<br />
<br />
Rev Dr Pius Malekkandathil is an Associate Professor of History at Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi.He has published 10 books and over a hundread research articles at International level.<br />
<br />
His areas of Specialisations are Indo Portuguese History, Trans marine trade, Maritime history of India, European expansion and urbanisation in Asia, Socio economic history of Medieval India, culture and state of South India, studies in Indian Ocean societies and religion and society in South Asia. (3) <br />
<br />
Rev Dr Pius Malekkandathil, with his immense knowledge and experience in the Medieval History of South India and Indo Portuguese History, comments that with the phrase "Cruz de Sam Thome", Gouvea meant exactly Crosses of Saint Thomas. As he has studied the book of Gouvea, Jornanda of Archbishop Alexis Dom Menesis, and also with his experience in the Portuguese documents and language at that time, gives an opinion that Gouvea used the word "Sam Thome" to denote the person Saint Thomas the Apostle and the abbreviation "S. Thome" to denote the City of Saint Thomas- Mailappore as elsewhere in the book. (4) Wherever he used the word "Sam Thome" or "Sao Thome" in his book, he used it to mean the person Saint Thomas the Apostle and wherever he used the abbreviation "S . Thome" or "S. Thome", he used it to mean the City of Saint Thomas- Mailappore. Same is the case in most of the Portuguese documents since AD 1520.The word "Sam" in not a Portuguese word, but a Spanish word. The equivalent Portuguese word is "Sao". Many spanish words were used in Gouvea's book Jornada and also in many Portuguese documents. In most of the Portuguese documents, Mailappore is mentioned as "S. Thome" or " S.Tome", since the excavations of Mailapoore in AD 1520.<br />
<br />
Rev Dr Malekkandathil admits that this opinion is based purely on his familiarisation of the documents of the time period rather than any written law. (5) <br />
<br />
So,the terminology “Mar Thoma Sliba” or “Saint Thomas Cross” was used to denote these Pahlavi inscribed Crosses of Thomas Christians even before the arrival Portuguse as witnessed by Antonio Gouvea, and hence, unlike the arguments of some, the term “Saint Thomas Cross” or “Mar Thoma Sliba” is not a later invention.<br />
<br />
These Crosses were called Mar Thoma Slibas or Saint Thomas Crosses, but these are not erected by Saint Thomas the Apostle himself. We all know that during Apostolic times, Cross was not recognized as a Christian emblem. Rev Dr Pius Malekkandathil observes that all these Crosses might have been copies of the Cranganore cross which has been attributed to Apostle Thomas by tradition and hence called Saint Thomas Crosses.<br />
<br />
Gouvea also witnesses the oral tradition or belief of the local Nasranis that the Cross at Cranganore, which was similar to that found in Mailppore was placed there by Apostle Thomas himself. (6) Gouvea describes that the Cranganore cross was very important to the nasranis. It was placed in the middle of a chapel which is open on one side with railings. The local Nasranis had a lot of devotion to this Cross which was believed to have made so many miracles even to the gentiles. Gouvea describes that the gentile king, when he lost something precious, sent some oil to this cross and he found the lost thing. This shows that there was facility for burning oil in front of this cross. Archbishop Menesis had celebrated a mass in front of this Cross. (7)<br />
<br />
These Crosses were called by local Nasranis as Saint Thomas Crosses or Mar Thoma Slibas when the Portuguese arrived. The Portuguese found these Crosses as the most prominent Religio Cultural Emblem of the Thomas Christians. It is a meaningful religious symbol of Thomas Christian tradition. (8) <br />
<br />
<br />
Foot notes.<br />
<br />
1. Jornada of Alexis De Menesis: A Portuguese Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar, Ed. Dr. Pius Malekandathil, LRC Publications, Cochin, 2003, pp244- 245 <br />
<br />
2.The full title is 'Jornada do Arcebispo de Goa Dom frei Aleixo de Menezes Primaz da India Orientali, Religioso da Ordem de s. Agostinho. Quando foy as Serras do Malavar, & Iugares em que morao os antigos Christaos de S. Thome & os tirou de muytos erros& obediencia da Santa Igreja Romana, da qual passava de mil annosquhe estavao apartados'<br />
<br />
3. NSC network, Nasrani Christians and Social processes of Kerala, 07/03/2011<br />
http://nasrani.net/2011/03/07/nazrani-christians-and-the-social-processes-of-kerala/ accessed on 20 May 2012<br />
<br />
4. Jornada of Alexis De Menesis: A Portuguse Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar, Ed. Dr. Pius Malekandathil, LRC Publications, Cochin, 2003, foot note p 245<br />
<br />
5. Personal communication with Rev Dr Pius Malekkandathil dated 29/04/2012.<br />
<br />
6. Jornada of Alexis De Menesis: A Portuguese Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar, Ed. Dr. Pius Malekandathil, LRC Publications, Cochin, 2003 p216<br />
<br />
7 Jornada of Alexis De Menesis: A Portuguese Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar, Ed. Dr. Pius Malekandathil, LRC Publications, Cochin, 2003 p 216<br />
<br />
This particular Cross, that has been mentioned in very detail by Gouvea in AD 1606 is not seen in Cranganore today. We know that in AD 1524, all the three Churches of Nasranis at Cranganore- Saint Mary's, Saint Thomas' and Saint Kuriackose' churches were burned down in a war, the Christians took their crosses and moved to Kaduthuruthy and from there these Crosses were moved to Kottayam.( Fr Jacob Kollamparabil, Persian crosses in India are Christian, not Manichaen, Christian Orient, March 1994, quoting Mundadan, The arrival of Portuguese in India and the Thomas Christians under Mar Jacob, pp99-100 ) We can see two of those crosses in Kottayam Valiyaplli even today. This cross described by Gouvea in AD 1606 could be the third cross which was hidden somewhere in Cranganore, was re-erected when the political circumstances where favourable. There is an argument that the Cross found near Saint Mary's Forane Church, Alengadu, under the Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam- Angamaly of the Syro Malabar Church-'The Alengadu Cross' is the Cranganore Cross described by Gouvea.( B T Anklesaria, )During the tension between Thomas Christians and the Portuguese Missionaries, there was a move of Eastern Iconoclasm by the Portuguese and this Cross might have been moved or abandoned and found on the wayside in AD 1930<br />
<br />
8. G Nedungatt, Quest for the Historical Thomas Apostle of India, a rereading of evidence, 2008, Theological Publications in India, Bangalore , p386-387Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-84469982587924777892012-01-08T21:12:00.009+00:002012-02-20T22:27:50.062+00:00MAJOR ARCHBISHOP ALENCHERRIL MAR GIWARGIS II BAVA TO THE DIGNITY OF A CARDINAL - A RECOGNITION AFFIRMING THE UNIVERSALITY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCHMajor Archbishop Alencherril Mar Giwargis Bava has been designated as a Cardinal. The Syro Malabar Church- the Holy See of Apostle Thomas has been recognised again. The Father and Head of the Catholic Thomas Christians is in the supreme council of the See of Apostle Peter.<br />
<br />
It was not unexpected that Major Archbishop Alencherril Mar Giwargis Bava would be elevated into a Cardinal. The first Syro Malabar dignitary to become a Cardinal was Mar Joseph Parekkattil, the late Archbishop of Ernaculum in AD 1969. The first Indian Cardinal was Cardinal Valarian Gracious who was the Archbishop of Bombay, elevated to the rank of a Cardinal in AD 1953.There were 10 Cardinals from India so far.<br />
<br />
They were <br />
<br />
1 Cardinal Valarian Gracious (1953)<br />
2.Cardinal Joseph Parekkattiil (1969)<br />
3.Cardinal Lawrence Picachy- (1976)<br />
4.Cardinal Simon Lourdesami (1985)<br />
5 Cardinal Antony Padiyara (1988)<br />
6 Cardinal Simon Pimenta (1988)<br />
7 Cardinal Varkey Vithayathil (2001)<br />
8 Cardinal Ivan Dias (2001) <br />
9 Cardinal Telesphore Toppo (2003)<br />
10 Cardinal Oswald Gracias (2007)<br />
<br />
<b>Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church.</b><br />
<br />
Cardinals are important dignitaries-senior ecclesiastical official- of the Roman Catholic Church. They are called Princes of the Church. The Cardinals work as counsellors to the Pope of Rome in various aspects of the government of the Church. They assist the Roman Pontiff either collegially or individually when they occupy various offices in the Roman Curia. The college of Cardinals elect the Pope of Rome in a vacancy. Thus, the college of Cardinals function like a 'Permanent Synod'. (1) Cardinals are so previlaged in the Catholic Church that they come immediately after the Pope in the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy.<br />
<br />
<b>The three Grades of Cardinals</b><br />
<br />
The Cardinals are of three degrees- The Cardinal Bishops, The Cardinal Priests and the Cardinal Deacons. <br />
<br />
Cardinal Bishops<br />
<br />
Even though all the Cardinals are of Episcopal order, Cardinals are of three degrees. Cardinal Bishops are senior prelates holding titles of titular bishops of the Sees in the vicinity of Rome(suburbicarian Sees) and hold important administrative positions in the Roman Curia. They are limited in number. The Eastern Patriarchs who were elevated to the Cardinals are also included in this order, but they hold their original title. Cardinal Bishops have always been from the Episcopal order. The head of the College of Cardinals- the Dean is elected from the Cardinal Bishops. The Dean of the College of Cardinals presides over should a vacancy of a Pope occurs and coordinates the conclave.<br />
<br />
Cardinal Priests.<br />
<br />
Today, most of the Cardinals are Cardinal Priests, even though they are Bishops. In the past, Cardinal Priests were important Priests in Rome who were selected by the Pope to assist and advise him. When the church started appointing Cardinals from beyond Roman territories, each one is assigned to a titular church in Rome. Cardinal Priests are inferior in rank to the Cardinal Bishops. <br />
<br />
Cardinal Deacons.<br />
<br />
Cardinal Deacons are the most inferior in rank among the cardinals. They represent the ancient seven deacons of the Papal household and seven deacons who supervised the work of the church in seven districts of Rome. Today, the Cardinal Deacons are the officials of Roman Curia or Priests who were elevated to a Cardinal after the age of 80. The senior most Cardinal Deacon is called the Cardinal Proto Deacon or Senior Cardinal Deacon, who announces the election of a Pope after the conclave. In the past, laymen could become a Cardinal and were enrolled as a Cardinal Deacon. In 1917,( Pope Benedict XV) it was promulgated that only Priests and Bishops could become a Cardinal. Since the time of Pope John XXIII, it became customary that a Cardinal designate who is not a Bishop has to be consecrated as a Bishop before occupying the post. (2)<br />
<br />
<b>Dresscode.</b><br />
<br />
Cardinals wear a scarlett cassock- blood like red colour symbolises that they are willing to die for the church, over which, a white rochet, scarlet mozzetta and a scarlet biretta- a square cap. But, Eastern rite Patriarchs continue to wear their normal dress appropriate to their rite. All the previous Syro Malabar Cardinals were seen wearing the Latin vestments. <br />
<br />
It is enlightening that our Bava has hinted that he would not prefer Roman vestments and continue to wear the vestments appropriate to the Syro Malabar Church. We are grateful to the Lord Iso Mishiha in having a Pontiff who upholds the identity and individuality of our Church in the Universal Catholic Communion.<br />
<br />
<b>Cardinals from Syro Malabar Church.</b><br />
<br />
Syro Malabar hierarchy was restored in AD 1887. Native Prelates were appointed in only AD 1896. <br />
<br />
The first person elevated to a Cardinal from the Syro Malabar Church was Mar Joseph Parekkattil, the late Archbishop of Ernaculum in AD 1969. He was enrolled as a Cardinal Priest of S. Maria "Regina Pacis" a Monte Verde in the consistory of 28 April 1969. He has participated in the conclave in August 1978 to elect Pope John Paul I and also in October 1978 to elect pope John Paul II.<br />
<br />
Late Major Archbishop Padiyara Mar Antonius Bava was elevated as a Cardinal Priest in 1988. He was enrolled in the consistory of 28 June 1988 as the Cardinal Priest of S. Maria "Regina Pacis" a Monte Verde.<br />
<br />
Late Major Archbishop Vithayathil Mar Giwargis I Bava was elevated as a Cardinal Priest of S Bernardo alle Terme on 21 Feb 2001 and has attended the conclave in 2005 to elect Pope Benedict XVI.<br />
<br />
Now, Major Archbishop Alencheril Mar Giwargis II Bava has been designated as a Cardinal and will be enrolled in the consistory on 18 February 2012.<br />
<br />
<b>Cardinal position for Eastern Churches.</b><br />
<br />
College of Cardinals are like the permanent synod of the Universal Catholic Church. It is considered as a special recognition of the Eastern particular churches, to include them also in the College of Cardinlas. Syro Malabar Church has been recognised to be elevated into this status for the last 43 years and thus, the voices of the Syro Malabar church was heard in the highest statutory body of the Universal Catholic Church. <br />
<br />
All these recognition are the effects of the great work done by personalities like Rev Dr Placid Podipara in Rome. As a Consultor in Rome for the Holy See, he argued for the recognition of the Eastern Rite particular churches in the Catholic communion and promulgated the concept of the Universal Catholic Church as a communion of the See of Rome and the Eastern churches. Eastern Churches were given autonomy. <br />
<br />
Still, many corners consider that the concept of the Universality of Catholic Church is not completely evolved yet. Roman rite is still considered as the Universal church with Eastern Churches as its minor partners. We need people like Rev Dr Placid today to redefine the concept Universal Catholic Church with Roman rite and Eastern rites as its equal partners accepting the primacy of the Patriarch of Rome. Now, the representation of Eastern Catholic Churches is merely the membership of four or five in the college of 192 Cardinals. <br />
<br />
The Universal Catholic Communion has to have another superior level of council like a real permanent synod with all the heads of the particular churches as members with its primus inter pares(first among equals), the Patriarch of Rome. Let the College of Cardinals be the superior council of the Roman Curia as it is now. In this situation, the Eastern Patriarchs and Archbishops need not be members of the College of Cardinals but members of the superior authority- the permanent synod of the Universal Catholic Church which deals with the Universality of the Church. This status will give more independence to the Eastern churches and limit the confusion among the Bishops, clergy and laity about the role of a Particular Church in the communion. This will encourage ecumenism also as many non catholic churches are still anxious about the colonial hang up of the Roman Rite. Let us hope that the Ruha D Kudisha will guide our Fathers in this regard and influence them to lead the evolution of the Universal Catholic Communion in the real sense.<br />
<br />
<b>Conclusion</b><br />
<br />
Let us hope that we don't under estimate the title of Major Archbishop over this Cardinal title. Many people consider the title of Cardinal, superior to that of a Major Archbishop, which s not true. Major Archbishop is the Father and Head of the Particular Church- the Director of the See of Apostle Thomas. It is much a higher dignity than membership in the College of Cardinals.<br />
Let us pray our Lord to strengthen our Bava to lead us to eternal salvation by keeping our identity and individuality in the Universal Catholic Church. Let the Ruha D Kudisha inspire him to influence the Fathers of the Universal Church in his new role.<br />
<br />
<b>References.</b><br />
<br />
1. Catholic encyclopedia article about Cardinal. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03333b.htm accessed on 08 Jan 2012<br />
2 Wikipeia article about Cardinal ( catholicism) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)#cite_note-17 accessed on 08 January 2011Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-23601464720075120932011-11-13T21:34:00.002+00:002013-07-07T23:04:27.311+01:00PATRIARCHATE OF INDIA- THE LOST DIGNITY OF THE CHURCH OF SAINT THOMAS CHRISTIANS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
(An updated and revised version of this article has been uploaded in NSC Network-http://nasrani.net/2012/01/19/patriarchate-of-india-evolution-hierarchy-among-thomas-christians/)<br />
<br />
<b>Christianity in India<br />
</b><br />
Thomas Christians of India are one of the most ancient Christian communities in the World. Apostle Thomas founded the Church in India in the first century itself. Tradition says that Apostle Thomas landed at Kodungalloor in AD 52 and founded 7 and half communities in the Malabar coast. Even though there is no solid historical evidence of this, considering the available historical, archaeological evidences and logical thought, many researchers and historians have concluded that the visit of Apostle Thomas is possible. There are solid grounds for believing that there was a Christian community that existed in Kerala in the very early period.<br />
<br />
The arrival of Apostle Thomas in North West India is now accepted as historical, especially after the discovery of coins with the name of the Parthian King Gondophoros in the region, which validate the story in the apocryphal Acts of Judas Thomas.(1) After a critical study about the apocryphal work 'Acts of Judas Thomas' J N Farquhar, who was a Professor of Comparative Religion in Manchester University argues that the legend of Thomas Apostle coming to Musiris where a large number of Jews, Greeks Romans and others lived and preached the Gospel and founded Christian communities among them, or in simple words, the Apostolate of Thomas in South India is on balance of probability, is distinctly on the side of historicity. (2)<br />
<br />
The widespread presence of Pahlavi inscribed granite crosses in south India are the most ancient antiquities available about the history of Thomas Christians in the region. They denote the presence of a Christianity related to Persia. Eminent Pahlavi scholar B T Anklesaria has commented that the most ancient of these crosses, the one found at Alengadu could be of AD 340 or earlier but later than AD 302, (depending on the style of the letters and use of adjuncts, comparing to the styles seen in the ancient coins excavated, manuscripts and inscriptions). As the Pahlavi language died out by AD 650, many of the scholars put the age of these crosses as AD 650. (3)<br />
<br />
<b>East Syrian Connection<br />
</b><br />
Thomas Christians have always been under the jurisdiction of more advanced Christianity in Mesopotamia and Persia. There are hints from ancient literature that Apostle Thomas had sent letters to the Church in Edessa from India. Cureton in 'Ancient syriac documents' comments about Apostle Thomas' letters received in the Church of Edessa. J N Farquhar, after critically analysing the possibilities, states that as there was a Bishop in Edessa from the time of Mar Addai, and there were no Bishops In India, the Christians would have corresponded with them and recognised the supremacy of Edessa. (4)<br />
<br />
There is plenty of documentary evidence to show the connection of the Church in India to the Church of the East. Alphonse Mingana, after studying numerous ancient documents and manuscripts, commented that "any attempt to speak of early Christianity in India as different from the East Syrian church, is, in our judgement, bound to fail". (5) <br />
<br />
<b>Evolution of East Syriac Church.</b><br />
<br />
Syriac was the language of our Lord Isho M'shiha and his disciples. It was in the same language that the angels spoke to Marth Mariam( Saint Mary), Mar Yawsep ( Saint Joseph), and Zacharias, the father of Yohannan Mamdana( John the Baptist). It was also the same language that broke out from heaven when our Lord Isho M'shiha was baptised in the river Jordan. Thus, Syriac was the language of heaven in which the mysteries of the salvation of human kind was revealed.<br />
<br />
The early Christians were Syriac speaking. But later, Christianity developed in Jerusalem and Antioch in a Hellenised culture and hence Greek became the official language. ( 6) Syriac Christianity evolved around Edessa and adjacent parts of Mesopotamia. The syriac school at Edessa and Saint Ephraim of Edessa nurtured the early Syriac Church. All the ancient Syriac churches were founded by either Thomas the Apostle or his disciples. The Assyrian Church in Mesopotamia was one of the very first Churches founded in Apostolic times. Acts of Apostles mentions about the presence of Assyrians on the day of Pentecost . (Acts 2,9) Very ancient Syriac writings such as 'The Doctrine of Addai', 'The Chronicles of Arbela' and 'The teachings of the Tweleve Apostles' mention that Saint Thomas sent Thaddeus and Mari to preach Abgar Ukkama the Black, the King of Assyrians at Osrhoene (Edessa).(7) Eusebius, the father of Church history also witnesses in AD 325 that he personally searched the state archives of the Assyrians in the capital city of Edessa and found official records of this Apostolic visit .(8) Apostle Thomas is believed to have gone to Parthia and India to evangelise. <br />
<br />
The Church of India and The Church of Persia claim to be founded by the Apostle Thomas himself. South Indian tradition supported by a large number of ancient writings talk about the Apostles visit to South India. The Church of Fars also claim that their church was founded by Apostle Thomas. (9) Thus, the Churches of Edessa, Seleusia-Ctesiphon of Babylon, Persia and India constitute the Thomasine Churches and these Syriac churches consolidated under the banner of the Church of the East due to their linguistic and cultural relationship. They were interlinked from the early period itself. <br />
<br />
But the East Syriac Church, the communion of early Syriac churches which happened to be under the Persian empire did not want to be under a Patriarch of the Roman Empire. This had political influence due to the feud between Persian and Roman empires. Initially, the Church of the East- the Syriac church was supported by the Patriarchate of Antioch even in the midst of political strifes. But, for survival, the leaders of the Church of the East adopted a nationalistic strategy and declared independence from the Patriarch of Antioch and declared their Catholicose as the Patriarch of the Church.<br />
<br />
<b>Evolution of Hierarchy in India<br />
</b><br />
<b>Initial period<br />
</b><br />
Apostle Thomas might have consecrated Priests and Bishops for Thomas Christians. Tradition names two Bishops Kepa and Paul whom the Apostle consecrated. But no solid evidence available. (10) <br />
Was there a local congregation and priestly ministry in the early period ?<br />
Photius in his 'Bibliotheca' quotes Arian Philostrogius about Theophilus, the Indian in AD 354, 'Thence he sailed to other parts of India , and reformed many things which were not rightly done among them; for they heard the reading of the Gospel in a sitting posture.....' (11) This quote confirms about presence of a faithful congregation, regular celebration of liturgy where Gospels were read and thus, presence of at least a Priestly ministry. We have to assume that the congregation was indigenous on the account of the peculiar practices found among them such as receiving the Gospel reading in sitting posture. Mingana says 'There is hardly any reasonable doubt , therefore that the Christian community in India in about AD 354 was an indigenous community, not much in touch with the practices prevalent in Graeco Roman Churches , and was somewhat similar to the East Syrian Church before the time of the Catholicose Papa'.(12) <br />
<br />
Cosmas Indicopleustes who travelled during the period AD 520-525 vouches that there were Christian congregations in Taprobane(Ceylon) in the Indian sea and also in the land called Male( Malabar) where pepper grows. He also found Bishops in Kalliana( Kalyan) and Dioscoris(Socotora) who were appointed from Persia. (13) The author of Periplus of the Erythrean sea also confirms about the pepper trade from Musiris,(Kodungalloor) Cottonora( Kuttanadu) and Barake (Purakkadu port).(14). So there should not be any question about the identity of Male in the writings of Cosmas Indicapleustes. Cosmas Indicapleustes also clarifies that there were Christian Churches among the Indians besides Bactrians, Huns, Persians, Greeks and so on confirming that the Christian community was native Indians. ( '....and also among the Bactrians and Huns and Persians, and the rest of the Indians, and among the Persarmenians and Greeks and Elamites, and throughout the whole land of Persia, there is an infinite number of churches with Bishops and a vast multitude of Christian people , and they have many martyrs and recluses leading a monastic life. Note the usage 'and the rest of the Indians'. In contrast, Cosmas Indicapleustes clearly states that the native people in Ceylone were different from the Christians. (15) <br />
<br />
<b>Dependence on the Church of Fars for Episcopal Ministry<br />
</b><br />
Chronicles of Seert narrates that Mana, the Bishop of Rewardushir ( Fars- South Persia) wrote religious discourses, canticles and hymns in Pahlavi language and translated the works of Diodore and Theodore of Mopseustia into Syriac and sent them to India and the islands of the sea. (16) This shows the ecclesiastical connection of the Indian Church with that of Fars. The recent excavation of Pahlavi Psalter from Turfan in China which is now kept in the museum of Berlin validates this information from Chronicles of Seert. (17) <br />
<br />
<b>Metropolitan of India<br />
</b><br />
Patriarch Isho Yahb III (650-660) in a letter, accused the Metropolitan of Fars( South Persia) that he denied Episcopal consecration to Indian church for simony. ' Remember with these, O our God loving brother, that as you closed the door of the Episcopal ordination in the face of the many peoples of India and you impeded the gift of God for sake of perishable gains....'(18) <br />
<br />
This letter confirms that there existed in India a regular hierarchy attached to the Church of Fars. This dispute might have been caused by the Metropolitan of Fars asking money for Bishopric consecration. It may imply that, until that time, the prelates were Indian natives and the Indian church community had to pay a lump sum of money to the Metropolitan of Fars to get consecration. Somehow, the Catholicose Patriarch at Selucia-Ctesiphone was informed of this situation that necessitated him to intervene.<br />
<br />
Ibn Al Tayib mentions that Patriarch Isho Yahb II (628-643) raised the Indian Church to a Metropolitan Church with some six to twelve suffragans under him, as the number of Christians increased significantly in the region. This would separate the Indian Church from the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan of Fars, but directly under the Patriarch, as a Metropolitan cannot be under another Metropolitan. The Metropolitan of Fars did not like this idea to detach the Indian Church from his jurisdiction and this could be the reason for the dispute challenging the authority of the Patriarch Isho Yahb III . ( 19) It seems that the decision could not have been implemented due to the resistance from the Metropolitan of Fars.<br />
To rectify this situation, Patriarch Isho Yahb III or the next Patriarch Sliba Zacha raised Indian Church into a Metropolitanate, independent of the Church of Fars and directly put under the Patriarch.(20) <br />
Patriarch Thimothy I(780-823) in his letter give us a hint that the Metropolitan was selected locally by the people in the presence of suffragan Bishops and was enthroned by placing the letter of the Patriarch on his head.(21) This confirms that Metropolitans were elected and enthroned locally. There is a possibility that they were native Indians. <br />
<br />
<b>Independent Metropolitanate- A Particular Church<br />
</b><br />
Synodical canons of Abdisho narrates that the Metropolitans of India, China and Samarkand and other remote lands were exempted from attending the general synods of the East Syrian Church. (22) Patriarch Theodosius (852-859) stipulated that the Metropolitans of India and China need report to the Patriarch only once in six years rather than every year for the other Metropolitans.(23) These show that the Patriarchate of Seleusia-Ctesiphon seems to have considered the Indian Church as a Particular Church with a certain autonomy.<br />
<br />
<b>Metropolitan and Gate of all India ( Metropolitan u-Thara d- kollah Hendo)-The Throne of Saint Thomas<br />
</b><br />
<br />
The Metropolitan of the Church of Saint Thomas was called Metropolitan and The Gate of All India- Metropolita u thara d kolla Hendo. The term 'Gate' means Great authority.(24) The Syriac manuscript written in A D 1301 in Cranganore- the Vatican Syriac Codex 22- use the title 'The Metropolitan of India'.<br />
'This holy book was written in the Royal, renowned, and famous city of Shingala in Malabar, in the country of India, in the church of the illustrious martyr Mar Cyriacus- May all the faithful be helped by his prayers ! Amen. .....And in the time of the Bishop Mar Jacob, Metropolitan and director of the Holy see of the Apostle Saint Thomas , that is to say, our director and the director of all the holy church of Christian India.....' (25) <br />
<br />
Here, the usages- 'the director of all the holy church of Christian India'- and 'Metropolitan and director of the Holy see of the Apostle Saint Thomas' are important, as they denote the concept of the Throne of Saint Thomas and a Quasi Patriarchal status.<br />
<br />
Fr Campori S J wrote in AD 1607- 'according to the information gathered from several Chaldean books and from well known facts, the Bishop of the Serra ( Malabar) was always an Archbishop and is the oldest in the whole of India. Its Archbishops and Prelates were always called Archbishop Metropolitan of All India and of its confines.' (26) <br />
<br />
The last Chaldean Bishop, Mar Abraham who was resident in Angamali used the title 'All India' in his letters to the Patriarch. (27) Bishop Francis Ros, the very first Latin Rite Bishop of Saint Thomas Christians and Bishop Palliveettil Chandy, the first native Bishop of Catholic Syrians are also reported to have used the title 'Metropolitan of All India'.<br />
<br />
<b>Metropolitan of Angamali, the 'Rambba d Kolhon Apeskope u Metropolite'- Superior of all the Bishops and Metropolitans.</b><br />
<br />
When the second Chaldean Patriarch Mar Abdisho appointed Mar Abraham as the Metropolitan of Angamali, he conferred the title 'Rambba d Kolhon Apeskope u Metropolite'- Superior of all the Bishops and Metropolitans. (28). Mar Abdisho in his decree nominating Archdeacon George of Christ as the Bishop of Palayur and Suffragan to Mar Abraham, seems to have authorised Mar Abraham to assemble all the Metropolitans and Bishops and also to elect and consecrate Bishops. (29) By this, the Metropolitan of Angamali was given autonomy and authority over other Prelates. Until then, the Metropolitans did not have an assigned seat. This may be a Roman Catholic influence, as this is the first Bishop appointed by the Catholic Chaldean Patriarch, immediately after its formation. So, now, the seat of Metropolitan and Gate of All India has been fixed at Angamali.<br />
<br />
<b>Patriarch of India- the testimony of Joseph, the Indian </b><br />
<br />
Joseph the Indian, the famous Indian Cathanaar who visited Europe and the Pope in AD 1501 with Cabral, talks about the Patriarch of India. Joseph was interviewed by the House of Lords of Venice where he explained the hierarchical structure of the Church of Malabar. 'They have a Supreme Pontiff called Catholica, twelve Cardinals, two Patriarchs, Bishops and Arch bishop's. Joseph also mentioned that he was ordained as a Priest by this Catholica. Joseph clearly confirms that this Catholica appoints Patriarchs, one for India and one for China.<br />
(30) <br />
We can see from History that Joseph was ordained by Catholicos Simon, the Patriarch of the East, in AD 1490.The famous Syriac letter of the three Bishops Mar Yohannan, Mar Yakkob and Mar Denha in AD 1504 to the Patriarch of Babylon testifies this fact. (31) <br />
<br />
Here, Joseph is clearly stating the hierarchical relations and structure of the Saint Thomas Christians. Their Supreme Pontiff is the Catholicose at Babylon. Under him twelve cardinals. It is unclear, if this position is called Cardinal exactly, as Cardinal is a title in the Roman Church. We can assume that there was a twelve member council immediately under the Catholicos. This reminds us about the 12 canonists under Paremmakkal Thomman Cathanaar, the Governor of the Catholic Syrians. (32) <br />
In the history, we can see Mar Ahathalla comes with a claim that he was a Patriarch for Thomas Christians appointed by the Pope in AD 1653.(33) Kallada Mooppan- Mar Andrews also arrived in AD 1676 with a claim that he was a Patriarch.(34) These two persons were accepted by the community which confirms that such a title was in use in India. G Schurhammer also comments that the head of the Indian Church was sometimes referred to as Patriarch in a wider sense. ( 35)<br />
<br />
<b>Lost dignity</b>.<br />
<br />
When the Portuguese arrived in Malabar, they found a flourishing Christian community there, lead by Bishops from Babylon. The initial period was friendly but later, they began to find mistakes in the faith of the Thomas Christians and accused heresy . They forced the Thomas Christians to conform with Roman rite. The Thomas Christians resisted against this religio cultural invasion. Even when they yielded with the spiritual authority, they vehemently resisted for any change in their rite. The Portuguese missionaries, as a last resort, convened a diocesan synod at Udayampeeroor( Diamper) in which, they forced the Archdeacon and the Cathanaars to obey to the decisions of the synod which was meant to Latinise the Church of Saint Thomas. Synod of Diamper was definitely a forceful and illegal invasion of Portuguese Missionaries into the affairs of Saint Thomas Christians. The Archbishop of Goa had no jurisdiction over Saint Thomas Christians. Without any special mandate from the Roman Pontiff, he forcefully entered the Archdiocese of Angamali and convened the Diocesan Synod of Diamper. The conduct of the synod was invalid and illegitimate. The Christians were intimidated and threatened with serious punishments to make them obey. (36)<br />
<br />
After this infamous Synod of Diamper in 1599, the Church of Saint Thomas Christians became subjected to Latin rite Bishops and the historic connection with the Patriarchate of Chaldeans was broken. The Portuguese Missionaries downgraded the ancient Church of Christians of Saint Thomas into a mere suffragan of the Archdiocese of Goa of Latin rite. Later, due to the resistance of Saint Thomas Christians, the Metropolitanate was reinstated and Archdiocese of Kodungalloor was created with Western Prelates.(37) Even though the Thomas Christians were subjected to Latin rite prelates in Latin Rite hierarchy, the community consolidated under the leadership of the Archdeacons as a separate rite with its own liturgy and traditions. The Missionaries began to Latinise their rite of worship and tried to eliminate the authority and status of the Archdeacon and thereby dishonour the status of their ancient Church of Malabar. The community secretly tried to get Prelates from the Patriarchate of Chaldeans and other Eastern Churches. The missionaries used their political power to prevent Thomas Christians from contacting any Oriental Churches and they even arrested and deported Mar Ahatalla, a Bishop of Syriac Rite who arrived in Mailappore in AD 1653.(38) <br />
<br />
The Thomas Christians rose up and revolted against the Portuguese in AD 1653 in the historic Coonan Cross Oath and consecrated the Archdeacon Palliveettil Thomas as the Bishop of Thomas Christians. This revolt was nearly complete and that shocked the Missionaries.(39) Rome intervened and Carmelite Missionaries were sent to win the Thomas Christians back. Carmelites could convince the majority of Thomas Christians that the consecration of the Archdeacon Thomas was invalid as the consecration was conducted not by any Bishops, but by twelve priests only. Rome appointed Carmelite Missionary, Joseph Maria Sebastiani as the Bishop for Saint Thomas Christians. Many leaders of the community rejoined the missionaries. Due to political reasons, Portuguese Missionaries had to leave the country and they consecrated Palliveettil Chandy Cathanaar as the Bishop for the Catholic Thomas Christians in 1663.(40) Thus, the majority of Thomas Christians consolidated under the native Bishop Palliveettil Chandy, keeping their Syro Chaldean rite of worship.<br />
<br />
<b>Evolution of Syro Malabar Church</b><br />
<br />
This community of the Catholics of Syro Chaldean rite became the Syro Malabar Church. After Bishop Palliveettil Chandy, the Catholic Syrians had to continue under Latin Bishops until 1896. But, they continued their struggle for independence, autonomy and to protect their Syro Chaldean Rite. As a result, the Syro Malabar Hierarchy was established in AD 1887 with the erection of Kottayam and Trichur vicariates for the Catholic Thomas Christians, separating them from the Latin rite Catholics. (41) In 1896, native Prelates were appointed in Kottayam and Trichur vicariates and also in the newly created Ernakulam vicariate.(42) In 1923, Ernakulam vicariate was elevated as an Archdiocese and the Church became a Metropolitan Church. (43) In 1992, Syro Malabar Church was elevated to a Major Archiepiscopal Church with Padiyara Mar Anthonius I as the first Major Arch Bishop. (44) Initially, the Major Arch Bishop of Syro Malabar Church was not given the full powers as specified in the Oriental canon Law due to the differences existing in the church.<br />
<br />
The first and second Major Archbishops were nominated by the Supreme Pontiff, the Pope of Rome. During the time of the second Major Arch Bishop Vithayathil Mar Giwargis I, the Holy Synod of Syro Malabar Church was given full powers including election of the Father and Head of the Church. <br />
In 2011, after the sad demise of Vithayathil Mar Giwargis I Bava, the Holy Synod of Syro Malabar Church canonically elected a new Father and Head of the Church and Alencheril Mar Giwargis II Bava was enthroned as the new Major Archbishop. This is the first time, the Syro Malabar Church was executing the powers to elect its Father and head of the Church, thereby recapturing the lost status of 'Metropolitan and the Gate of All India'. <br />
In this evolution of Syro Malabar Church, one cannot forget the efforts and sufferings of our forefathers. To name some of them, Paremmakkal Thomman Cathanaar, Cariattil Mar Yawsep Metropolita, Nidheerickal Mani Cathanaar and Rev Dr Placid Podipara. The Thomas Christians fiercely fought against the foreign missionaries to preserve our rite and liturgy. During the evolution of Syro Malabar church in a strongly latinised environment, it was Rev Dr Placid Podipara who guided us and our leaders in the right path to preserve our Apostolic Christianity. As a Consulter of the Holy See, he argued for the legitimate rights of Syro Malabar Church as a Particular Church and the right for expansion of its territory of jurisdiction and for correction of its mutilated liturgy. The Syro Malabar church would have evolved into a mere offshoot of the Latin rite in Kerala without the efforts of Rev Dr Placid. . Without having the awareness of our identity, the Church would have gone to a path of merging with the Latin rite terminating the existence of the Catholic Thomas Christian rite of Malabar. ( 45)<br />
<br />
<b>Recapturing the lost status<br />
</b><br />
Today, the Syro Malabar Church has evolved fully into a Particular Church in the Universal Catholic communion with autonomy. She has grown globally. Syro Malabar faithful have migrated to several Indian cities and overseas. Countries in the Middle East, Far East like Singapore, Australia, several European countries and the Americas have significant presence of Syro Malabar faithful. The Syro Malabar Church has several eparchies outside Kerala including a few mission eparchies. Syro Malabar faithful have organised themselves in several Indian cities and have their own liturgy and rite and are demanding for eparchies in Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad and so on. There is very strong presence of Syro Malabar Church in the Persian Gulf countries and we have a very beautiful Church of our own in Doha, Qatar. <br />
<br />
A Syro Malabar eparchy was erected in Chicago to serve the Syro Malabarians in North America and Canada. The Syro Malabar Community in the UK has transformed the Catholic Church in the UK with their rich cultural heritage. There are demands for Syro Malabar eparchies in Europe.<br />
The Head of the Church should be able to execute his jurisdiction globally. Still, the territory of the Syro Malabar Church is restricted. The Major Archbishop does not have even the historic 'All India' jurisdiction. <br />
<br />
As we have already discussed, the Metropolitans of Thomas Christians had a special privilege and a Quasi Patriarchal status under the Patriarchs of Babylon. As Rome bifurcated the Catholic Thomas Christians from the Patriarchate of Chaldeans, Syro Malabar Church has all the rights to have its own Patriarch. The present title of 'Major Archbishop' is unknown in Syriac Tradition. Let us pray God for preserving and protecting our Apostolic Christianity by reinstating the ancient status of our Metropolitan as the 'Director and Ruler of the See of Apostle Thomas, by having a Patriarch of Thomas Christians under the Universal Catholic Communion.<br />
<br />
<b>References<br />
</b><br />
1 Pius Malekkandathil, Saint Thomas Christians: A Historical analysis of their origin and development upto 9th century AD, in Saint Thomas Christians, and Nambudiris Jews and Sangam Literature, Ed Bosco Puthur, LRC Kochi 2006, p 2<br />
2. J N Farquhar, Apostle Thomas in South India, Bulletin of John Rylands University Library, Vol xi 1927 p 49<br />
3.B T Anklesaria, The Pahlavi inscription on the crosses in Southern India, in The Journal of K R Cama Oriental Institute, Bombay, vol 39, 1958, p80<br />
4.J N Farquahar, Thomas in South India, Bulletin of John Rylands University Library vol XI 1927 p 37<br />
5.Alphonse Mingana, Early spread of Christianity in India, The Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, vol 10 p440<br />
6.J Oswald Dykes, From Jerusalem to Antioch, London, 1874, pp 412-415<br />
7. Stephen Andrew Missick, Mar Thoma, the Apostolic Foundation of the Assyrian Church and the Christians of Saint Thomas in India, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, vol XIV, No 2, 2000, pp35-36 citing Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, Eds. The Writings of the Fathers down to AD 325: Ante Nicene Fathers vol 8 Peabody, Massachusetts, Hendrickson Publications 1994, p657-672.<br />
8. Stephen Andrew Missick, Mar Thoma, the Apostolic Foundation of the Assyrian Church and the Christians of saint Thomas in India, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, vol XIV No 2, 2000, pp35-36<br />
9. Bar Hebraeus, Chronicles Ecclesiasticum.iii 169-171 cited by A Mingana, Early Spread of Christianirty in India, The Bulletin of John Rylands University Library, p 467<br />
10.Rev. Dr. Placid Podipara, The Hierarchy of Syro Malabar Church, Collected works of Rev Dr Placid J Podipara, vol 1 p 662<br />
11. A Mingana, Early Spread of Christianity in India, The Bulletin of John Rylands University Library vol 10 p 458 <br />
12. A Mingana, opus cit.p 459<br />
13. A Mingana, opus cit. pp 461-2<br />
14 Periplus of the Erythrean Sea Part II containing an account of navigation of the ancients from the Gulf of Elana, the red sea to the land of Ceylon, William Vincent DD, 1805<br />
“ In conformity with this system, we find, that throughout the whole which the periplus mentions of India, we have a catalogue of the imports and exports only at the two ports of Barugaza and nelkunda, and there seems to be a fixed distinction between the aerticles appropriate to each. Fine muflins and ordinary cottons are the principal commodities of the first, tortoise shell, pearls, precious stones, silk, and above all pepper seems to have been procurable only at the latter. This pepper is said to be brought to this port from Cottonora, generally supposed to be a province of canara, in the neighbourhood of nelkunda, and famous to this hour for producing the best pepper in the world except that of Sumatra.”<br />
Indian geographical Journal Vol V, VI p236-238 suggests that Barake was on the mouth of river Baris which is the River Pamba and Nelcynda was an inland city on the river. Barake exports pepper from Nelcynda. According to Periplus, Nelcynda was 500 stadia away from Musiris and 120 stadia from Barake. These distances are fairly correct if we take Nelcynda to be Niranom and Barake to be Purakkadu.<br />
15. A Mingana, Early spread of Christianity in India p 462-463 quoting J W Mc Crindle, Chritian Topography of Cosmas, an Egiptian Monk,, Hakluyt Society 1907 pp 118-121<br />
16. A Mingana, Early spread of Christianity in India, p 460<br />
17.Pius Malekkandathil, Saint Thomas Christians; A Historical analysis of their origin and development upto 9th century AD , in Saint Thomas Christians, Nambudiris Jews and Sangam literature, Ed Bosco Puthur, LRC Publications, Cochin, 2006 p42 citing Gerd Gropp, Christian maritime trade of Sassanian age in the Persian gulf, p 85 and E Schau, Vom Christentum in der Persis, pp 960 ff<br />
18. A Mingana, Early spread of Christinity in India p464<br />
19. A Mingana, op cited p496-497<br />
20. Rev Dr Placid Podipara, The Hierarchy of Syro Malabar Church, in Collected works of Rev Dr Placid J Podipara CMI vol I p666 citing J S Assemani, Bibiliotheca Orientals III p346<br />
21.Rev Dr Placid J Podipara, opus cit. p666 citing Corpus christorum christianorum, textus, 167,pp119, 118;versio 168,pp120,121<br />
22. A Mingana, op cit. p488-9<br />
23. T P Elias, East Syrian Missions to Asia with special reference to Malabar coast from Sixth century to Sixteenth century AD and its influence on Indian Religions Society and Culture, Doctoral Thesis of Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, p 292<br />
24. Rev Dr Placid Podipara, The Hierarchy of Syro Malabar Church, in Collected works of Rev Dr. Placid J Podipara CMI vol I p666 citing Paulinus S Bartholomeo, India Orientalis Christiana, Roma, 1794, p 88<br />
25. A Mingana, Early Sperad of Christianity in India,The Bulletin of John Rylands University Library, Vol 10 p 501)<br />
26 Placid Podipara, The Hierarchy of Syro Malabar Church, CH IV, in Collected Works of Rev Dr Placid Podipara, vol I p667 -668 citing Archives Roman of the Society of Jesus., GOA, 65 f 4<br />
27. Rev Dr Placid Podipara, The Rise and decline of the Indian Church of saint Thomas Christians, in Collected works of Rev Dr Placid J Podipara, vol I p795 citing Jesuite Archives, Rome, Goa, 65, f 5<br />
28. Mar Abdisho's letter to the Arch Bishop of Goa on 24/08/1567. The original in syriac is preserved in ARSI Gallia 95-1, f 197.See fascimile in Documenta Indica vol II p 41. Italian translation in A Rabbath, Documents inedits pour servir a l'histoire du Christianisme en Orient II Paris, Leipzig 1910, pp432-434 cited by Jacob Kollamparampil, Sources on the Hierarchical structure of the Saint Thomas Christian church in the pre diamper period, p 171, in 'The life and nature of Saint Thomas Christian church in the pre diamper period', ed B Puthur, LRC Kochi, 2000<br />
29. Mar Abdisho's decree dated 25/08/1567. Portuguese translation in ARSI Goa, 1011, f 463, J Wicki, Documenta Indica VII,pp703-705 cited by Jacob Kollamparampil, , Sources on the Hierarchical structure of the Saint Thomas Christian church in the pre diamper period, p 171, in 'The life and nature of Saint Thomas Christian church in the pre diamper peroiod', ed B Puthur, LRC Kochi, 2000<br />
30. Narrations of Joseph, the Indian, Ch 5 Italian, Latin and Dutch texts, Antony Vallavanthara, India in 1500 AD pp168-9,231.<br />
31. Alphonse Mingana, Early Spread of Christianity in India, The Bulletin of John Rylands University Library, vol 10 p468, H Hosten, The Saint Thomas Christians of Malabar AD 1490-1504, Kerala Society Papers series 5 Ed T K Joseph,pp225-226<br />
32. Antony Vallavanthara, India in 1500 AD, foot note 72, p274<br />
33. Joseph Thekkedathu, The troubled days of Francis Garcia, pp 51-52 <br />
34. Thomas Whitehouse, Lingerings of Light in the dark land, being researches into the past history and the present condition of the Syrian Church of Malabar, Thomas Whitehouse, p 199 <br />
35. G Schurhammer S J, The Malabar Church and Rome during the early Portuguese period and before,Trichinopoly, 1934, F29 cited by Rev Dr Placid Podipara, A short History of Malabar Church, in Collected works of Rev Dr Placid J Podipara, vol I p265<br />
36. Jonas Thaliath, The Synod of Diamper, pp172-173<br />
37. Joseph Thekkedathu, History of Christianity in India, Vol II p75<br />
38. Joseph Thekkedathu, opus cit pp94-95<br />
39. Joseph Thekkedathu, opus cit pp 91-94<br />
40. Joseph Thekkedathu, opus cit pp96-100<br />
41. Leo XIII Quod jam Pridem, 20 May 1887, cited in Marthomma Christianikalude Sabha Noottandukaliloode, (Mal), Rev. Dr Kurian Mathothu, Rev Fr Sebastain Nadackal, Palai, p111<br />
42. Pope Leo XIII, Quale Rei Sacrae, 11 August 1896, cited in Marthomma Christianikalude Sabha Noottandukaliloode, (Mal), Rev. Dr Kurian Mathothu, Rev Fr Sebastain Nadackal, Palai, p114<br />
43. Pope Pius IX, Romanae Pontifices, cited in Marthomma Christianikalude Sabha Noottandukaliloode, (Mal), Rev. Dr Kurian Mathothu, Rev Fr Sebastain Nadackal, Palai, p115<br />
44. Pope JohnPaul II, Quae majoris christi Fidelium, 16 December 1992, cited in Marthomma Christianikalude Sabha Noottandukaliloode, (Mal), Rev. Dr Kurian Mathothu, Rev Fr Sebastain Nadackal, Palai, p126<br />
45. Willaim Macomber, History of the Chaldean Mass, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies,vol XI No 2, p 81 reprint of Worship, Vol.51, No.2 (1977) 107-120.</div>
Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-41039640326356126122011-06-05T21:44:00.026+01:002011-06-21T15:32:49.406+01:00MAJOR ARCH BISHOP ALENCHERIL MAR GIWARGIS II BAVA-THE PATRIARCH OF SYRO MALABAR CHURCH AND THE GATE OF ALL INDIA<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3hdZI_B8FGU/Tfp4k2sGSWI/AAAAAAAAB24/YFEIgeYXIng/s1600/Alencherry.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 326px; FLOAT: right; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5618936059649214818" border="0" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3hdZI_B8FGU/Tfp4k2sGSWI/AAAAAAAAB24/YFEIgeYXIng/s400/Alencherry.jpg" /></a><br />MAJOR ARCH BISHOP ALENCHERIL MAR GIWARGIS II BAVA-THE PATRIARCH OF SYRO MALABAR CHURCH AND THE GATE OF ALL INDIA- A DISCUSSION ON THE HISTORICAL HIERARCHICAL STATUS OF THE CHURCH OF SAINT THOMAS CHRISTIANS.<br /><br /><strong>INTRODUCTION</strong><br /><br />Syro-Malabar Church is an Eastern Catholic Church in communion with the Pope of Rome. It is an Apostolic Church founded by Saint Thomas, one of the twelve disciples of Jesus. Syro Malabar Church is the largest group of Saint Thomas Christians. The term Syro Malabar was coined by the Western Missionaries to denote 'the Syrian Church of Malabar'- those Catholics that follow the Syro Chaldean rite. <br /><strong>Sui iuris Churches. (1)</strong><br /><br />These are the Eastern Rite Churches that are in communion with the Roman Pontiff, the Pope. They are Churches of their own particular law. Syro Malabar Church is one among the 21 sui iuris Churches in the Universal Catholic Church. They consists of 6 Patriarchal Churches, 4 Major Archi Episcopal Churches, 3 Metropolitan Churches and 9 other sui iuris churches.<br /><br />Patriarchal Churches are the fully developed particular churches with a Patriarch as the head with its own synod and territory. The synod elects the Patriarch and inform the Universal Pontiff, the Pope of Rome. Major Archi Episcopal Churches have a Major Arch Bishop as the head, slightly inferior to the status of a Patriarch. The synod elects the Major Arch Bishop, but needs confirmation by the Pope. Pope can reject the election.<br /><br />Patriarchal Churches in Catholic communion.<br /><br />1. Coptic Catholic Church based in Cairo<br />2. Maronite Church of Lebanon<br />3. Syriac Catholic Church of Beirut<br />4. Armenian Catholic Church<br />5. Chaldean catholic Church<br />6. Melkite Greek catholic Church<br /><br />Major Archiepiscopal Churches of Catholic Communion.<br /><br />1. Syro Malabar Church<br />2. Syro Malanakra Church<br />3. Romanian Church<br />4. Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church<br /><br />Metropolitan Churches in Catholic Communion<br /><br />1. Ethiopian Catholic Church, <br />2. Ruthenian Catholic Church and <br />3. Slovac Greek Catholic Church<br /><br />Other sui iuris Churches in Catholic Communion<br /><br />1. Albanian Greek Catholic Church, <br />2. Belarusian Greek Catholic Church, <br />3. Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church, <br />4. Byzantine Church of the Eparchy of Krizevci, <br />5. Greek Byzantine Catholic Church, <br />6. Hungarian Greek Catholic Church, <br />7. Italo Albanian Catholic Church, <br />8. Macedonian Greek catholic Church and <br />9. Russian Catholic Church.<br /><br /><strong>THE SYRO MALABAR CHURCH IN CATHOLIC COMMUNION</strong><br /><br />Thomas Christians were part of East Syrian Church. They came into direct communion with the Church of Rome through the Chaldean Patriarchate with the arrival of Mar Joseph Sulaqa and Mar Elias in AD 1554. Historically, the title of the head of the Church of Saint Thomas was the 'Metropolitan and the Gate of India'. Ancient documents vouches this.(<strong>2</strong>) <br /><br />After the infamous Synod of Diamper in 1599, the Church of Saint Thomas Christians became subjected to Latin rite Bishops. The Latin Missionaries broke the historic connection of Thomas Christians with the Patriarchate of Chaldeans and downgraded the ancient Church of Christians of Saint Thomas into a mere suffragan of the Arch diocese of Goa of Latin rite. Later, the Metropolitanate was reinstated and Arch Diocese of Kodungalloor was created with Western Prelates.(<strong>3</strong>) Even though the Thomas Christians were subjected to Latin rite prelates in Latin Rite hierarchy, the community consolidated under the leadership of the Arch Deacons as a separate rite with its own liturgy and traditions. The Missionaries began to impose Latinisations in their rite of worship and tried to eliminate the authority and status of the Arch Deaconate and thereby dishonour the status of their ancient Church of Malabar. The community secretly tried to get Prelates from the Patriarchate of Chaldeans and other Eastern Churches. The missionaries used their political power to prevent Thomas Christians from contacting with any Oriental Churches and they even arrested and deported Mar Ahatalla, a Bishop of Syriac Rite arrived in Mailappore.(<strong>4</strong>) <br /><br />Thomas Christians rose up and revolted against the Portuguese in AD 1653 and consecrated the Arch Deacon Palliveettil Thomas as the Bishop of Thomas Christians. This revolt was nearly complete and that changed the politics.(<strong>5</strong>) Rome intervened and Carmelite Missionaries were sent to win the Thomas Christians back. Carmelites could convince the majority that the local church needs Bishops and the consecration of the Arch Deacon Thomas was invalid as the consecration was conducted not by any Bishops, but by twelve priests only. Many leaders of the community rejoined the missionaries and later, due to political reasons, Portuguese Missionaries had to leave the country and they consecrated Palliveettil Chandy Cathanaar as the Bishop for the Catholic Thomas Christians in 1663.(<strong>6</strong>) Thus, the majority of Thomas Christians consolidated under the native Bishop Palliveettil Chandy, keeping their Syro Chaldean rite of worship. It is reported that Bishop Palliveettil Chandy applied the historic title 'The Metropolitan and the Gate of all India'. This title denotes a Quasi Patriarchal status with all India jurisdiction.(<strong>7</strong>)<br /><br />This community of the Catholics of Syro Chaldean rite became the Syro Malabar Church. After Bishop Palliveettil Chandy, the Catholic Syrians had to continue under Latin Bishops until 1896. But, they continued their struggle for independence, autonomy and to protect their Syro Chaldean Rite. As a result, the Syro Malabar Hierarchy was established in AD 1887 with the erection of Kottayam and Trichur vicariats for the Catholic Thomas Christians, separating them from the Latin rite Catholics. (<strong>8</strong>) In 1896, native prelates were appointed in Kottayam and Trichur vicariats and also in the newly created Ernakulam vicariat.(<strong>9</strong>) In 1923, Ernakulam vicariat was elevated as an Arch diocese and the church became a Metropolitan church. (<strong>10</strong>) In 1992, Syro Malabar Church was elevated to a Major Archiepiscopal Church with Padiyara Mar Anthonius I as the first Major Arch Bishop. (<strong>11</strong>) The first and second Major Arch Bishops were nominated by the Supreme Pontiff, the Pope of Rome. During the time of the second Major Arch Bishop Vithayathil Mar Giwargis I, the Holy Synod of Syro Malabar Church was given full powers including election of the Father and Head of the Church. This is the first time, the Syro Malabar Church was executing its powers to elect the Father and head of the Church canonically. This event actually denote the recapturing of the old status of 'Metropolitan and the Gate of All India' which was lost due to Latinisations.<br /><br />The Holy Synod of Syro-Malabar Church that consists of 44 bishops, commenced on 23rd May 2011, has elected Mar George Alencherry, the Bishop of the Eparchy of Thakkala, as the Father and Head of the church, The Major Arch Bishop. <br /><br />The title Major Arch Bishop in unknown in Thomasine Christian tradition as it is a title of the Latin Church. The Antiochian Rite Syro Malanakara church in Kerala which was also elevated to Sui iuris church by Rome calls their Major Arch Bishop as Catholicose according to their tradition. Many Syro Malabar faithful wish to call him Patriarch as per the eccelsiological and cultural tradition of Thomasine Christianity in India. The Thomas Christians were ecclesiastically and hierarchically part of the Patriarchate of Chaldeans. As the Syro Malabar Church was bifurcated from the Patriarchate of Chaldeans due to political reasons, the church deserves the same title. <br /><br /><br /><strong>SHORT BIOGRAPHY OF MAR GIWARGIS II (12) </strong><br /><br />Mar Giwargis Alencherry was born in 1945 in Thuruthy in the Arch Diocese of Changanacherry. Two of his brothers are Priests and a sister is a nun. He had his initial education in local schools and joined the seminary in 1961 at Parel, Changanacherry and then at Saint Joseph's Pointifical Seminary Alwaye. He passed his degree in Economics with second rank from Saint Berchman's College, Changanacherry. He was ordained as a Priest in 1972 by the Late Major Arch Bishop Padiyara Mar Antonius I Bava. He then worked as the assistant vicar at the Cathedral church of Changanacherry and Director of the Archdiocesan Faith Formation department. Then he served as the secretary of the Commission for Catechism of the Kerala Catholic Bishops’ Council . He was sent to Paris for higher studies and obtained his Doctorate in Biblical Theology at Sorbonne University and the Catholic Institute.<br />From 1986, he served as the Director of the Pastoral Orientation Centre of the Kerala Catholic Bishops Council and as a Professor at Saint Thomas Apostolic Seminary and Oriental Institute, Kottayam. He became the protosyncellus of the Metropolitan of Changanacherry in 1994 and in 1996, he was consecrated as the first Bishop of Thakcalay, a mission diocese of the Syro Malabar Church.<br /><br />As a Bishop, he served the Church as the secretary of the Syro Malabar synod, Chairman of the Commission for Catechism of the Syro Malabar Church, and Chairman of the CBCI commission for laity. He is an author of several articles and books in various languages. He is proficient in Malayalam, Tamil, English and French. <br /><br />Mar Giwargis has been described as a simple man who even uses public transport to travel. He is well known for his down-to-earth approach that he has even visited all the houses in his diocese!. He is considered as a person with traditional view of the Church. He wears a Sleeva (traditional cross) on his rudraksha seed garnet that reflects the Indian tradition profoundly. <br /><br /><br /><strong>INTERESTING OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THE ELECTION</strong><br /><br /><strong>First in the history- recapturing the Historical autonomy.</strong><br /><br />This was the first ever election of the Father and Head of Syro Malabar Church after the power of election was given to the synod. All the previous Major Arch Bishops were nominated by the Pope. This is an event marking the full evolution of Syro Malabar Church into sui iuris status claiming its historical autonomy and individuality.<br /><strong>Pontiff who had his formation in Syro Malabar Rite.</strong><br /><br />This is the very first Major Arch Bishop who had his formation as a Syro Malabar Priest. All the predecessors, even though they were Syro Malabar in origin, were trained and ordained as Latin rite priests and then re-implanted into the Syro Malabar Church. This factor will give a new direction to the church leadership in the light of its history and tradition. <br /><br /><strong>Unity of the Holy Synod.</strong><br /><br />There were many speculations in the media about the election of the Major Arch Bishop on the grounds of regional and other preferences and it is reported that even one of the Bishops also have responded to these kinds of talks in the printed media and put forward names of a few candidates. (<strong>13</strong>) A group of clergy also released a press notice before the election raising issues with the background of the differences existed in our Church on the way of celebrating the Holy Qurbana. <br /><br />Under these circumstances, the election process caught wide attention and many were anxious that these may even put the Church in turmoil. But the Holy Synod completed the election process on the first day itself and the required 2/3 majority was obtained on the second round of voting itself, as reported by the Curia Bishop.(<strong>14)</strong><br /><br /><strong>Obedient to the Synodal decisions</strong><br /><br />The elected person was one among the Bishops who fully obeyed the decision of the Holy Synod about the celebration of Holy Qurbana. When the whole church was divided about the way of celebration of Holy Qurbana ad orientum- facing the altar- versus ad populum- facing the people-, the Holy Synod unanimously decided to follow a compromise formula by celebrating the initial prayers ad populum, the anaphora ad orientum and the final prayers ad populum- the so called 50:50 formula. (<strong>15</strong>) Mar Giwargis was one among the few Bishops who fully obeyed and implemented the synodal decision. <br /><br /><strong>Divine influence.</strong><br /><br />This election process clearly shows the explicit involvement of the Ruha D' Kudisha in the Church. The election result was surprising that the incumbent was not a prominent candidate as speculated. The Election process was so quick and smooth and the synod was united in selecting a person without any preferences or prejudice. Divine influence is prominent that the members of the Holy Synod were instrumental in the plans of the Ruha D Qudisha, in having the incumbent one of the Bishops who fully obeyed the decisions of the Holy Synod even sacrificing his own views, one who had his formation of clerical life in the Syro Malabar rite itself and in the unity of the Holy Synod in the background of differences about restoration and reformation. <br /><br /><br />God has shown us the divine intervention here by selecting a Bishop who obeyed the Synodal decision! God is teaching us the greatest lesson of obedience, as Our Lord Isho Mishiha showed us. The Almighty God is giving us a clear message of obedience.<br /><br /><br /><strong>EVOLUTION OF HIERARCHY IN THE CHURCH OF SAINT THOMAS</strong><br /><br /><strong>Thomasine Christianity and East Syrian Church. </strong><br /><br />Thomas Christians in India were part of the East Syrian Church. East Syrian Church is the communion of churches founded by Apostle Thomas. Apart from Indian Church, the other Thomasine Churches are the Church of Fars, Church of Edessa and the Church of Selucia Ctesiphon. The Assyrian Church was one of the very first churches established in Biblical times. Acts of Apostles mentions about the presence of Assyrians on the day of Pentecost. (Acts 2,9) Very ancient syriac writings such as 'The Doctrine of Addai', 'The Chronicles of Arbela' and 'The teachings of the twleve Apostles' mentions that Saint Thomas sent Thaddeus and Mari to preach Abgar Ukkama the Black, the King of Assyrians at Osrhoene (Edessa).(<strong>16)</strong> Eusebius, the father of Church history also witnesses in AD 325 that he personally searched the state archives of the Assyrians in the capital city of Edessa and found official records of this Apostolic visit . (<strong>17)</strong> <br /><br /> It is believed that Apostle Thomas personally founded the Church of Fars and the Church of Malabar and his disciples Mar Addai-Thaddeus and Mar Mari founded the Church of Selucia-Ctesiphon and the Church of Edessa. But Church of Selucia Ctesiphone aquired supremacy as it was the capital of Persian Empire and the Catrholicos Patriarch was based there.<br />Indian Church was subjected to Church of Fars initially which was a Metropolitan Church. East Syrian Patriarch Isho Yahb III(650-660) elevated the Indian Church also to a Metropolitanate and made equal in status to the Metropolitanate at Fars and thus came directly under the Patriarch.(<strong>18</strong>) This Metropilitan of India was called Metropolitan and the gate of India.<br /><br /><strong>Metropolitan and Gate of all India ( Metropolitan v-thara d- kollah hendo)-The Throne of Saint Thomas</strong><br /><br />The Metropolitan of the Church of Saint Thomas was called Metropolitan and gate of All India. The Syriac manuscript written in 1301 in Cranganore- the vatican Syriac codex 22- use the title The Metropolitan of India. ' .....And in the time of the Bishop Mar Jacob, Metropolitan and director of the Holy see of the Apostle Saint Thomas , that is to say, our director and the director of all the holy church of Christian India.....' (<strong>19</strong>) <br /><br />Here, the usages- 'the director of all the holy church of Christian India'- and 'Metropolitan and director of the Holy see of the Apostle Saint Thomas' are important, as they denote the concept of the throne of Saint Thomas and a quasi Patriarchal status.<br /><br />The term Metropolitan and the gate of All India has been reported by many authors including Rev. Paulinus De Bartholomew, Rev Campori S J, and so on. (<strong>20</strong>) <br /><br /><strong>Metropolitan of Angamali, the 'Rabba d Kolhon Apeskope u Metropolite'- Superior of all the Bishops and Metropolitans.</strong><br /><br />When the second Chaldean Patriarch Mar Abdisho appointed Mar Abraham as the Metropolitan of Angamali, he conferred the title 'Rabba d Kolhon Apeskope u Metropolite'- Superior of all the Bishops and Metropolitans. (<strong>21</strong>) Mar Abdisho in his decree nominating Arch Deacon George of Christ as the Bishop of Palayur and Suffragan to Mar Abraham, seems to have authorised Mar Abraham to assemble all the Metropolitans and Bishops and also to elect and consecrate Bishops. (<strong>22</strong>) By this, the Metropolitan of Angamali was given autonomy and authority over other Prelates. <br /><br /><strong>Patriarch of India- the testimony of Joseph, the Indian </strong><br /><br />Joseph , the Indian Cathanar's narrations in AD 1501 before the signoria of venice describe about the Patriarch of India. Joseph was interviewed by the House of Lords of Venice where he explained the hierarchical structure of the Church of Malabar.'They have a Supreme Pontiff called Catholoica, twelve Cardinals, two Patriarchs, Bishops and Arch bishop's. Joseph also mentioned that he was ordained as a Priest by this Catholica. (<strong>23</strong>) <br /><br />We can see from the History that Joseph was ordained by Catholicos Simon, the Patriarch of the East, in AD 1490.The famous syriac letter of the three Bishops Mar Yohannan, Mar Yakkob and Mar Denha in AD 1504 to the Patriarch of Babylon testifies this fact. (<strong>24</strong>) Joseph clearly confirms that this Pontiff is called Catholica. The Catholca appoints Patriarchs, one for India and one for China.(<strong>25</strong>)<br /><br />Here, Joseph is clearly stating the hierarchical relations and structure of the Saint Thomas Christians. Their Supreme Pontiff is the Catholicose at Babylon. Under him twelve cardinals. It is unclear, if this position is called Cardinal exactly, as Cardinal is a title in the Roman Church. We can assume that there was a twelve member council immediately under the Catholoicos. This reminds us about the 12 canonists under Paremmakkal Thomman Cathanaar, the Governor of the Catholic Syrians. (<strong>26</strong>) Joseph is clear about Patriarchs of India and China under the Catholicos. <br /><br /><strong>Special Privileges to the Metropolitan of India, Quasi- Patriarchal status ?</strong><br /><br />We have to remember that The Metropolitan of India was given special privileges due to the fact that they are far away from the Patriarchate. Patriarch Theodosius (852-859) stipulated that the Metropolitans of India and China need report to the Patriarch only once in six years rather than every year for the other Metropolitans. (<strong>27</strong>)<br />From this , we can assume that the Metropolitan of India had a certain autonomy and it seems that the Patriarchate considered the Indian Church as a Particular church. Could this special privilege made the Metropolitanate as a Quasy Patriarch ?<br />If we follow the subsequent history, we can see Mar Ahathalla arrives to Mailappore claiming that he was the Patriarch of India appointed by the Pope.(28) Also, Mar Andrews- Kallada Mooppan arrives in AD 1676 claiming that he was the Patriarch appointed by the Pope.(<strong>29</strong>) If Patriarch was not a familiar title, they would not have made such claims as a Patriarch and the faithful would not have accepted them.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION.</strong><br /><br />The Syro Malabar Church is a Major Archi Episcopal Church. It is unlikely that Patriarchal status will be conferred to Syro Malabar Church in the present circumstances. We have seen that the Syro Malabar Metropolitan had the title of The Metropolitan and the gate of India and the Director of the See of Saint Thomas, which are quasi patriarchal titles with All India jurisdiction. Historically, we can see the Patriarchate of Babylon giving special status to the hierarch of Indian Church to report only once in 6 years, conferring a special privilege and the status of a particular Church. Overall, as Rome has bifurcated the Indian Church from the Patriarchate of Chaldean on political grounds, the hierarch of the Christians of Saint Thomas should also have the same title. On these grounds, we have all the rights to call our Father, the Major Arch Bishop Alencherril Mar Giwargis II Bava , as the Patriarch of Syro Malabar Church on a wider sense.<br /><br /><br />Picture from http://www.smcim.org/news/listall<br />Thanks for Dr Joseph Alumkal and Mr mathew Mailapparampil for their valuable suggestions<br /><br /><strong>References </strong><br /><br />1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_iurus_chuch, also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches#cite_note-28, accessed on 18/06/2011<br />2 .Placid Podipara, The Hierarchy of Syro Malabar Church, Ch IV in Collected works of Rev Dr Placid Podipara, vol I San Jose Publications, Mannanam, pp 666-667 <br />3. Joseph Thekkedathu, History of Christianity in India, Vol II p75 <br />4. Joseph Thekkedathu, opus cit pp94-95 <br />5. Joseph Thekkedathu, opus cit pp 91-94<br />6. Joseph Thekkedathu, pous cit pp96-100<br />7. Rev Dr Placid Podipara, The Hierarchy of Syro Malabar Church, in Collected works of Rev Dr Placid Podipara CMI, Vol I p 719 <br />8. Leo XIII Quod jam Pridem, 20 May 1887, cited in Marthomma Christianikalude Sabha Noottandukaliloode, (Mal), Rev. Dr Kurian Mathothu, Rev Fr Sebastain Nadackal, Palai, p111 <br /> 9. Pope Leo XIII, Quale Rei Sacrae, 11 August 1896, cited in Marthomma Christianikalude Sabha Noottandukaliloode, (Mal), Rev. Dr Kurian Mathothu, Rev Fr Sebastain Nadackal, Palai, p114 <br />10. Pope Pius IX, Romanae Pontifices, cited in Marthomma Christianikalude Sabha Noottandukaliloode, (Mal), Rev. Dr Kurian Mathothu, Rev Fr Sebastain Nadackal, Palai, p115 <br />11. Pope JohnPaul II, Quae majoris christi Fidelium, 16 December 1992, cited in Marthomma Christianikalude Sabha Noottandukaliloode, (Mal), Rev. Dr Kurian Mathothu, Rev Fr Sebastain Nadackal, Palai, p126<br />12.http://www.maralencherry.smcim.org/profile.html<br /><br />13 www.ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/synod-to-elect-major-archbishop-to-commence-on-may-23/695369.htm<br /><br />14.http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/admin/cms/docs/n_high/222.pdf; Mar Bosco Puthur, Curia Bishop and administrator of Syro Malabar Church, Mar George Alencherry, the new Syro Malabar Major Arch Bishop, Circular about the election of the Major Arch Bishop.<br /><br />15. Synodal News Vol 7, nos 1&2 1999, 61, cited by Dr M Kochupurackal, Liturgical development in the syro malabar church, Syro malabar Church since the eastern code, Ed F Elavuthinkal, Mary Matha Publication, Trichur 2003, pp148 <br /><br />16. Stephen Andrew Missick, Mar Thoma, the Apostolic Foundation of the Assyrian Church and the Christians of Saint Thomas in India, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, vol XIVNo 2, 2000, pp35-36 citing Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, Eds. The Writings of the Fathers down to AD 325: Ante Nicene Fathers vol 8 Peabody, Massachusetts, Hendrickson Publications 1994, p657-672.<br /><br />17. Stephen Andrew Missick, Mar Thoma, the Apostolic Foundation of the Assyrian Church and the Christians of saint Thomas in India, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, vol XIVNo 2, 2000, pp35-36<br />18. A Mingana, The Early spread of Christianity in India, The Bulletin of John Rylands University Library,Vol 10,p 496 <br />19.A Mingana, Early Sperad of Christianity in India,The Bulletin of John Rylands University Library, Vol 10 p 501<br />20. Placid Podipara, The Hierarchy of Syro Malabar Church, CH IV, in Collected Works of Rev Dr Placid Podipara, vol I p667 -668 citing Archives Roman of the Society of Jesus., GOA, 65 f 4<br />21. Mar Abdisho's letter to the Arch Bishop of Goa on 24/08/1567. The original in syriac is preserved in ARSI Gallia 95-1, f 197.See fascimile in Documenta Indica vol II p 41. Italian translation in A Rabbath, Documents inedits pour servir a l'histoire du Christianisme en Orient II Paris, Leipzig 1910, pp432-434 cited by Jacob Kollamparampil, Sources on the Hierarchical structure of the Saint Thomas Christian church in the pre diamper period, p 171, in The life and nature of Saint Thomas Christian church in the pre diamper period, ed B Puthur, LRC Kochi, 2000 <br />22. Mar Abdisho's decree dated 25/08/1567. Portuguese translation in ARSI Goa, 1011, f 463, J Wicki, Documenta Indica VII,pp703-705 cited by Jacob Kollamparampil, , Sources on the Hierarchical structure of the Saint Thomas Christian church in the pre diamper period, p 171, in 'The life and nature of Saint Thomas Christian church in the pre diamper peroiod', ed B Puthur, LRC Kochi, 2000 <br />23. Narrations of Joseph, the Indian, Ch 5 Italian, latin and Dutch texts, Antony Vallavanthara, India in 1500 AD pp168-9,231. <br /> 24. Alphonse Mingana, Early Spread of Christianity in India, The Bulletin of John Rylands University Library, vol 10 p468, H Hosten, The saint Thomas Christians of Malabar AD 1490-1504, Kerala Society Papers series 5 Ed T K Joseph,pp225-226<br />25. Narrations of Joseph, the Indian, Ch 5 Italian, latin and Dutch texts, Antony Vallavanthara, India in 1500 AD pp168-9,231. <br />26. Antony Vallavanthara, India in 1500 AD, foot note 72, p274 <br />27. T P Elias, East Syrian Missions to Asia with special reference to Malabar coast from Sixth century to Sixteenth century AD and its influence on Indian Religions Society and Culture, Doctoral Thesis of mahatma Gandhi university, Kerala, India, p 292 <br />28. Joseph Thekkedathu, The troubled days of Francis gaecia, pp 51-52<br />29. Thomas Whitehouse, Lingerings of Light in the dark land, being researches into the past history and the present condition of the Syrian Church of Malabar, Thomas Whitehouse, p 199Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-15698954777096671662011-06-05T14:00:00.002+01:002011-06-05T14:03:01.500+01:00ABOUT ELEVATING INDIAN CHURCH TO A METROPOLITANATEIndian church was submitted to the Church of Fars- South Persia- as the Metropolitan was in Fars and the Bishops of India were suffragans. It was the Metropolitan of Fars-Rewardushir who was to consecrate Bishops for India. We can see in the history that the Metropolitan of Fars sending liturgical texts etc.to India.<br />It seems that at some point, the Metropolitan of Fars refused to consecrate Bishops for India. Therefore, Church of India was without any Bishops. This led to elevation of the Church of India to a Metropolitanate so that he can consecrate Bishops for India and he will be directly under the Patriarchate in Ctesiphon and not under the Metropolitan of the Church of Fars.<br />The following quote seems to show that the reason for this refusal to consecrate Bishops for India was simony.<br />Patriarch Isho Yahb III (650-660) writes to Simon, the Metropolitan of Riwardashir-’ Remember with these, O our God loving brother , that as you closed the door of the episcopal ordination in the face of the many peoples of India, and you impeded the gift of God for the sake of perishable gains which kindle the passions of the body’…… ‘ as far as your district is concerned, from the time you showed recalcitrance against ecclesiastical canons, the episcopal succession has been interrupted in India, and this country has since sat in darkness, far from the light of divine teaching by means of rightful bishops: not only India that extends from the borders of the Persian empire, to the country which is called Kalah, which is a distance of one thousand and two hundread parasangs, but even your own Fars’(Mingana, early spread of Christianity in India, citing Assemani and Liber Epistularum).<br />There was indeed a kind of dispute between Church of Ctesiphon and the Church of Fars. The reasons for this could be,<br />1 Church of Fars, as well as Church of India, was founded by Saint Thomas, the Apostle, while the Church of Ctesiphon was founded by Mar Mari, one of the desciples of Saint Thomas, the Apostle. Bar Hebraeus wrote, ‘They ( Church of Fars) used to say, we have been evangelised by the Apostle Thomas, and we have no share with the See of Mari’ This argument is very important as why should the Christians evangelised by Saint Thomas the Apostle himself, submitted to another See founded only by a disciple ? ( Mingana, Early Spread of Christianity in India). This could be the earliest statement that shows a claim that we are Christians of Saint Thomas.<br />2 Political. Church of Fars used Pahlavi as the liturgical language while Church of Ctesiphon used Syriac as liturgical language. This could be due to political reasons. The Church of Fars might have adopted to the political requirements of the Sassanian Empire for survival.Thus, Church of Fars developed into a parallel ecclesiastical centre and controlled the Churches of Bahrain, Oman, Socotora and India, while the seat of the Patriarchate was at Ctesiphone.<br />It seems that during this dispute/schism,the Metropolitan of Rewardushir consecrated Bishops without the confirmation of the Patriarch and denied Bishops for India. Hence, Patriarch Isho Yahb III wrote five letters to the Bishops,Monks and the faithful, ordering them to reject the Bishops uncanonically ordained and reiterating the superiority of the Patriarchal See.( Mingana, Early Spread of Christianity In India)<br />Patriarch Isho Yahb III (650-660) and Patriarch Timothy I (779-823) tried to unify the Church of Fars back to the Patriarchate and prevented a schism. As mentioned before, Patriarch Isho Yahb III elevated Church of India to a Metropolitanate and thus the Indian Church became directly under the Patriarchate. Patriarch Timothy also reconciled with the Church of Fars by allowing the Metropolitan of Rewardushir to consecrate suffragan Bishops without the confirmation by the Patriarch. ( Mingana quoting Bar Hebraeus)Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-66989515080433234902011-06-05T13:57:00.002+01:002011-06-05T14:00:28.243+01:00PAHLAVI LANGUAGE AND MALABAR CHRISTIANSPahlavi was the liturgical and official language of the Church of Fars for some time. The Chronicles of Seert narrates that in about AD 470, Bishop Mana of Rewardushir wrote religious discourses, canticles and hymns in Pahlavi and translated the theological works of Diodore of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia from Greek and sent the copies to the islands of the sea and India.( A Mingana, Early Spread of Christianity in India, The bulletin of John Rylands Library,Vol 10 p 460) The findings at Turfan confirms these citations in Chronicles of Seert.<br />This simply shows the hierarchical relation of the Church of India to the Church of Fars. This hierarchical relation continued until the Indian Church was also elevated to a Metropolitanate by Patriarch Isho- Yahb II (AD 628-643) and came directly under the Catholicose Patriarch- the Metropolitan of India cannot be under another Metropolitan, but to the Patriarch directly. ( A Mingana, Early spread of Christianity in India, Journal of John Rylands University Library, vol 10 p 496-7)<br />The interpretations of the Pahlavi inscriptions on these crosses have been studied by a number of scholars as I have described in the article, from Burnell in AD 1874 to Gerd Gropp in AD 1970. CPT Winkworth has done extensive comparative study on these inscriptions and reported for the first time in AD 1929 that these are copies and he opined that the Mount cross could be the model for the rest of the copies depending on the epigraphic evidences.<br />Later, B T Anklesaria, an eminent Pahlavi and Zoroastrian scholar compared all these cross inscriptions including the Alengadu cross which was discovered only in 1931 and published a paper in the Journal of K R Cama Oriental Institute in 1958. He agreed with Winkworth that these are copies and found that the Alengadu cross in the oldest based on epigraphical and orthographical evidences, as one of the words was inscribed perfectly only on Alengadu cross. Note that when Winkworth studied about the inscriptions, Alengadu cross was not discovered yet.<br />Anklesaria also mentions that the Alengadu Cross is taken from Cranganore which is a revolutionary information to me, as I have been looking for the cross at Cranganore as described by Gouvea in AD 1606 in Jornada. Fr Jacob Kollamparabil reported that the Kottayam Crosses were taken from Cranganore, but it was in AD 1524 when Samoothiry, the King of Calicut conquered Cranganore and burned down all the three churches in there. So, I was sure, the cross described by Gouvea in AD 1606 is not the Kottayam Cross. Unfortunately, Anklesaria does not mention the source of this information.<br /><br />Obviously, Anklesaria has had the advantage of having opportunity to study all the six crosses of Kerala and the Mount Cross. It seems that these crosses were originally erected on the Malabar coast and then copied to Coromandel coast with local adaptations- the Pallava architectural features of arch, makara torana etc. Among the Crosses in Kerala, the Kadamattom and the larger cross at Kottayam are the only crosses that show similarity to Mount Cross, all the rest are similar to Alengadu Cross.Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-20142065619983228672011-06-05T13:54:00.001+01:002011-06-05T13:57:11.268+01:00SYNOD OF DIAMPERSynod of Diamper was definitely a forceful illegal invasion of Portuguese Missionaries into the affairs of Saint Thomas Christians. The Arch Bishop of Goa had no jurisdiction over Saint Thomas Christians. Without any special mandate from the Roman Pontiff, he forcefully entered the Arch Diocese of Angamaly and convened the Diocesan Synod of Diamper and proclaimed that he reunited the saint Thomas Christians who were living outside the Roman Communion for thousand years, in a matter of few months by the efforts of the zealous Arch Bishop and his team of missionaries to triumph in Europe. (Jonas Thaliath, The synod of Diamper, Orientalia Christiana Analecta 152 Rome 1958, cited by Rev Dr Paul Pallathu, Was Saith Thomas Christians nestorians ? Ephrem’s theological Journal, vol 5 March 2001, p 36)<br />It is clear that Saint Thomas Christians were not in explicit communion with the Church of Rome for centuries. But there are certain hints in the history about some loose contacts and communion. Church of the East had several short lived communions and relations with the Church of Rome in the past before the formation of the Chaldean Patriarchate.<br />Pope Saint Gregory III ( 731-741) was a Chaldean from the province of Syria. ( Guriel Elementa Linguae Chaldaicae, 168 cited by G T Mackenzie in foot note 116 based on the manuscript submitted by Nidheerickal Mani Kathanaar). Mar John, the Arch Bishop of the Syrians and afterwards Patriarch, went with his suffragans to Rome and received the pallium from Pope Callixtus II( AD 1119-1124) in the twelfth century. (Gesta Callixti , Papae. Vetera analecta Mabilloni 468 cited by G T Mackenzie foot note 116 based on the manuscript submitted by Nidheerickal Mani Kathanaar) . In AD 1250, Iso yahb bar Malkon, Metropolitan of Nisbis, sent a profession of Catholic faith to Pope and made some minor changes in the Taksa that he used calling Mary, the ‘Mother of Christ, who is our God’ (History of Chaldean mass, Macomber, JAAS p76). When Pope Julius III, on April 6th, 1553 confirmed John Simon Sulaqa as Patriarch of the Chaldeans, confirmed that the discipline and liturgy of the Chaldeans had already been approved by his predecessors, Nicholas I ( AD 858-867) and Leo X ( AD 1513-1521) and Clement VII, ( AD 1523-1534) This papal letter also mentions the former Patriarch Simon Mamma, of good memory as Patriarch of the Christians of Malabar.( GT MacKenzie, foot note 116)<br />There are reports in the history about reception of John Marignolli in AD 1346, letter of Pope Eugine IV to the Christian King of Malabar in AD 1439, as examples of contact with the Church of Rome. But after AD 1554, with the arrival of Mar Joseph, The Saint Thomas Christians became in Catholic Communion.<br />In AD 1551, under the leadership of Patriarch John Simon Sulaqa, a section of the Church of the East entered into full hierarchical communion with the Church of Rome. John Simon Sulaqa was consecrated and confirmed as the Catholic Patriarch of Mossul in Assyria and received pallium from Pope Julius III in AD 1553.In the Papal Bull, the Pope had confirmed his jurisdiction over Malabar Christians also.<br />. (“..Postmodum vero ecclesia patriarchali de Muzal et insulae Tigris ac caeterarum civitatum et terratum orientalium eidem Patriarchae subjectarum, necnon monasteriorum ejusdem in Sui Massin et et Calicuth ac tota India existentium eidem etiam Patriarchae subditorum dum vivert praesidebat….”S Giamil, Genuinae Relationes… 17-18, Subsidium ad Bullarium Patronatus Portugalliae, 4 cited by Rev Dr Paul pallath, Were Saint Thomas Christians Nestorians ? Ephrem’s Theological Journal, Vol 5 March 2001 No 1 p 42 foot note 24)<br />The Patriarchate was supported by a Papal Nuncio for the East, Bishop Ambrose Buttigeg, a Maltese Dominican and his companion Fr Antonius Sahara.<br />Patriarch Sulaqa was murdered in AD 1555 and Mar Abdisho was consecrated as the next Patriarch under the supervision of the Papal Nuncio, Bishop Ambrose Buttigeg. In 1562, Mar Abdisho received pallium from Pope Pius IV. The next Patriarch was Mar Yahballaha ( AD 1567- 1579) and then Mar Simon Denha ( AD 1579- 1600). Mar Simon Denha received pallium from Pope Gregory III (1572-1585). It was this Mar Simon Denha was the head of Saint Thomas Christians who was in explicit ecclesiastical and hierarchical communion with the Church of Rome was condemned by the Synod of Diamper!<br />Thus, the synod itself become an act of disobedience to the Roman Pontiff.<br />In AD 1555, Patriarch Mar Abdisho sent two Bishops to Malabar, Mar Joseph Sulaqa, the brother of Patriarch John Simon Sulaqa, as the Bishop for Saint Thomas Christians, Mar Elias, as the representative of the Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate along with the Papal Nuncio for the East Bishop Ambrosius Buttigeg, and his companion Fr Antonius Sahara. This four member team itself proves the authenticity of Mar Joseph and his hierarchical communion with the Roman Pontiff. ( The two Chaldean Bishops were arrested and detained in the Franciscan monastery at Bassein near Bombay and Bishop Abrosius and Fr Sahara were allowed to come to Goa.)<br />In 1558, all were allowed to come to Malabar because of the arrival of Mar Abraham, another East Syrian Bishop but not of the Catholic communion. They used Mar Joseph to keep the Malabar Nasranis away from the Non catholic East Syriac Church. Mar Joseph converted Mar Abraham to Catholic communion, but the Portuguese deported him to Babylon. Mar Joseph was arrested again in 1562 and sent to Portugal and Rome where he was cleared from all accusations and was even nominated to be elevated as a Cardinal.<br />Due to the request of the Malabar Nasranis, the Patriarch Abdisho appointed Mar Abraham as the Bishop of Malabar and sent to Rome where he received pallium from Pope Pius IV in 1565.The Pope Pius IV gave him three letters, one for the Patriarch Abdisho and the others to the Arch Bishop of Goa and the Bishop of Cochin.<br />In these letters, the Pope confirms the jurisdiction of the Chaldean Patriarch over the Saint Thomas Christians and apologised for the inconveniences caused by the Portuguese Missionaries. The Pope also warns the Arch Bishop of Goa that it would be detrimental to the Pope himself and to the Apostolic See, if he would hinder the jurisdiction of the Patriarch and orders that his jurisdiction must remain untouched and intact. The Pope in his letter to the Patriarch permits to maintain ‘your customs and rites’, recognizing the ancient rite.<br />Thus, the Arch Bishop of Goa, who had no jurisdiction over the saint Thomas Christians, without any special mandate from the Roman Pontiff, forcefully entered the Arch Diocese of Angamali with the help of the non Christian Kings invalidly convoked the diocesan Synod of Diamper, under the threat of excommunication contrary to the norms of the canon law.( Rev. Dr.Paul Pallathu, The Synod of Diamper valid or invalid, cited in Were Saint Thomas Christians Nestorians ? Ephrem’s Theological Journal, Vol 5 March 2001 No 1,p 54-55) The word excommunication is also to be noted carefully. If saint Thomas Christians were not in communion with the Catholic Church, how can the Arch Bishop Goa excommunicate them? They would not have afraid of excommunication and the threat of excommunication would not have any use.<br />What was the aim of the synod ?<br />1 Latinisation.<br />It was not for correcting the doctrines of saint Thomas Christians. The above mentioned letters categorically confirms that the rite and rituals of Saint Thomas Christians were accepted by the Roman Pontiff. If for argument sake, if we take that there were several books found in the community which contains errors, the synod would have only made actions to correct them. Instead, it was a strategical approach to make changes to the rite and customs to conform the saint Thomas Christians to latin rite to effect suppression of law of Thomas- and to introduce Latin Rite among saint Thomas Christians. See below a few of the synodal decrees which explicitly order conformity to Latin rite.<br />‘admit and receive all the customs rites and ceremonies recieved and approved in the Roman Church’ Session II decree I.Images painted after ‘our manner’ are to be placed in all churches…session III decree I Ch IX.The Syriac lectionary is to be replaced by The Vulgar latin edition made use by Holy Mother Church-Session III decree II.prohibition of the east Syrian baptismal formula and prescribed that which is followed by the Roman Church- session IV decree I.baptismal water shall be blessed by the Holy chrism according to the Roman ceremonial-session IV decree XIX.separated confirmation from baptism in harmony with the roman tradition- session IV confirmation.Forty changes in the eucharistic liturgy to conform with the latin rite-words of consecration was added to the Liturgy of Addai and mari, creed was modified, introduction of extreme unction, abolished optional celebacy to obligatory celebacy to the priests, latin vestments, the synod being desirous that the church of the serra should in all things be conformable to the latin customs, or Holy Mother Church of Rome….’session VIII decree XXXVII.<br />From these, we can understand that the real aim was not the correction of errors but to eradicate and exteminate the east Syriac rite and Law of Thomas to replace it with latin Rite.<br />2 To suppress the Jurisdiction of the Chaldean Patriarch and to bring the Saint Thomas Christians under the Portuguese Padruado and patronage of the King of Portugal to control the Saint Thomas Chriastian community and thereby to control the spice trade.<br />There are several reports in the history that the Portuguse needed help from Saint Thomas christians to beat the Arab merchants. In 1920s, the Portuguese sought help from Mar Jacob Abuna to persuade Saint Thomas Christians to trade their pepper to them. ( Antionio da silva Rego, Documenta cao para a Historia das Missoes do padruado Portugues do oriente, vol II Lisbon, 1948 p 357 cited by Pius malekkandathil Jornada of Alexis De Menesis:A Portuguese account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar, pXXIX )<br />Now, it is obvious that it was not to convert the Saint Thomas Christians to Catholicism, but to Latinise them, and to subjugate them under the Portuguese padruado. It was a cultural invasion to change their religious rite and rituals to control the community on the religious perspective and politically also for the colonial interests of the Portuguese.Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1330015425554425674.post-45633639279676763312010-10-08T21:18:00.043+01:002010-10-11T12:31:47.391+01:00<strong>Saint Thomas’ Cross- A Religio Cultural Logo of Saint Thomas Chrsitans</strong><br />M Thomas Antony<br />Published also at <a href="http://www.nasrani.net/">www.nasrani.net</a> on 9th October 2010<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Introduction<br /></strong><img style="MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 302px; FLOAT: right; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5526107477621364690" border="0" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCteOpAV9I/AAAAAAAABdg/9S2I-FHuOpo/s400/Mar+Thoma+Sliba.jpg" /><br />Cross is a universal symbol of Christians all over the world. Primitive Christian groups used the image of fish as their symbol. Sign of cross was reported to be used by primitive Christians by Tertullian (b AD 160). Early in the third century, Clement of Alexandria mentions Cross as the symbol of the Lord. (1) It was from the 4th century the cross was emerged as the public symbol of Christians. It is considered that Cross is a post Constantinian development after the “exaltation” of Holy Cross.(2)<br /><br />Cross was an instrument of punishment before it became a sign of Christianity. Romans and Greeks executed people on crosses. Cross symbol was used by humans even from the Neolithic period. Swasthika was used by people of Indo Europen origin like Indians Persians Slavs, Celts and Greeks.(3)<br />There are different types of Christian crosses exist in the world used by different ethnic and cultural groups. Gaelic cross is such a religio- cultural symbol found among the Celtic people. Gaelic crosses are excavated in the places where Celtic people live.<br /><br />St Thomas crosses are unique among St Thomas Christians only. These were named Crosses of Saint Thomas by the Portuguese missionaries as they found these crosses widespread in almost all of Saint Thomas Christian churches. Antonio De Gouvea and Duarte Barbosa give good account of the widespread use of these Crosses in South India.<br /><br />This cross is the most ancient Christian emblem yet discovered in India. (4)<br /><br /><br /><strong>Cross in Thomasine Christian tradition</strong><br /><br />According to St Thomas Christian tradition, The Apostle Thomas planted crosses in the Christian communities he established. Acts of the Apostles doesn’t comment about any such acts by any Apostles despite the author of Acts of the Apostles, St Paul who himself being a champion of the power of Cross.(1 Cor.1:17, Gal.6:14)The early Roman catacombs have no symbolism of Cross.<br /><br />The Syriac Christian tradition developed a rich symbolism and use of the Cross. (5) ”Acts of Thomas describes the Apostle performing miracles with a simple sign of cross. This may be a retrojection of later developments to the apostolic times. The Cross occupies a prominent place in the East Syriac tradition, especially in liturgy. Since the Syriac word for cross, sliba means both the cross and the crucified, there is ample scope for compressing multi level meanings in hymns on the cross. The syriac liturgy of hours is particularly rich in this. The symbolism of cross gained prominence in the Syriac tradition earlier than it did in the other traditions”. (6)<br />East Syrian Church had a great veneration of the cross. They even considered the sign of the cross as one of the sacraments.(7) As far back as in even AD 250, East Syrians erected crosses at their tombs. (8) This shows that East Syrians venerated cross very early. St Helena was a Syriac Christian who discovered the wood of the true cross. This could have been due to the fact that her church venerated the cross. (9)<br /><br /><strong>Mar Thoma Sliba- Saint Thomas’ Cross- A religio cultural logo.</strong><br /><br />Saint Thomas’ Cross or Mar Thoma Sliba is the religio cultural symbol of Saint Thomas’ Christians. This cross was the only object venerated in the Churches of Saint Thomas Christians when the Portuguese missionaries arrived. The most popular and the most ancient model is that of the Cross found at Mylappore- the Mount Cross. This is an ancient cross discovered by the Portuguese in the ruins of the Church at Saint Thomas mount in AD 1547.<br /><br />It is well documented that the Christians of St Thomas did not have anything other than their Cross in their churches. The only archaeological evidence left about the antiquity of St Thomas Christians is the number of Persian Crosses found scattered in South Asia. There are 6 such crosses found in Kerala. They are two in the Great Church of Kottayam- Kottayam Valiya palli of the Knanaya Diocese of the Syrian Orthodox Church (Jacobite Church), one each in Ruha d’ Qudisha Forane Church at Muttuchira and Garvasis and Proctasis Church, Kothanalloor under the eparchy of Pala and Saint Mary’s Church Alengadu, under the eparchy of Ernakulam- Angamaly all are of the Syro Malabar Church, one at St George Church Kadamattom of the Syrian orthodox Church (Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church). The others in the region are found in Chennai- the Mount Cross found in the Saint Thomas Mount at Mylappore, Agasim in Goa and three such crosses found in Sri Lanca, one at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanca kept in the museum of Anuradhapura, one at Kotte and another at Gintumpitiya (Saint Thomas’ Town), Colombo, both are lost now.(10)<br /><br />This widespread distribution of similar crosses with lotus and dove in this region signify the common religio cultural hertitage of the Saint Thomas Christians Christians in the region.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Crosses in South East Asia</strong><br /><br />Similar Crosses are also found in South East Asia and China. All these show similar design with the empty eastern cross standing on lotus. (11)<br />Monasteries decorated with East Syrian crosses dated seventh century and a coin with east Syrian Church cross set in a ring of pearls found in Samarqand. East Turkestan , Turfan, Dunhuang, are also places where similar crosses were found..(12)<br /><br />Tibet<br />Crosses are found in Buddhist monasteries in Tibet also. In Shatschukul, a cross with Tibetan inscriptions and a figure of Dove and in Lhasa, a large iron corn measure decorated with a Nestorian cross was found. (13)<br /><br />Malacca cross<br /><br />A copper cross on marble tablet was dug up in Malacca before AD 1613. It was found in the ruins of an underground house of bricks, like a hermitage, and it was of the shape of the crosses of the knights of Calatrava-a Greek cross in gules with fleur-de-lis at its ends. It was supposed to have belonged to some Christians of Mylappore who had come to Malacca with merchants of Coromandel. The Malacca cross, suggested to the Portuguese a comparison with the cross of about AD 650 on St Thomas Mount, Mylappore. Doubtless, it was a Persian cross as at Mylappore.(14)<br /><br />In a cave at Kyanzittha, near pagan, Burma, in what is now a Buddhist shrine, there is a fresco with 9 crosses of a simple pattern: 8 crosses occupying the petals of an eight petalled lotus and the central crosslying in the cup.(15)<br /><br />Taxilla Cross<br /><br />Taxilla cross is a cross pendant found in Taxilla in Pakistan but there are arguments that it is a pre Christian symbol. Several pre Christian coins are found in the region with similar cross embossed. (16)<br /><br /><strong>Accounts of different authors.<br /><br />Gouvea. - Cross of Saint Thomas</strong><br /><br />Antionio de Gouvea was an aide of Arch bishop Dom Alexis de Menesis. Menesis took notes of what he saw and heard during his visits to different Saint Thomas Christian communities. Compiling these notes, Antonio de Gouvea published a book Jornada of Dom Alexis De Menesis in AD 1606 which contain a mine of information about sixteenth century Malabar. Gouvea was the first who named these crosses, ‘Crosses of Saint Thomas’.<br />Gouvea reports that the old churches of Saint Thomas Christians were built like the temples of the gentiles but all full of crosses like those of the miracles of Saint Thome ( Mylappore), which they call Cross of Saint Thomas.(17) This is the most ancient account of Saint Thomas Crosses in Kerala. The original words used by Gouvea is “Cruz de Sam Thome”-meaning Cross of Saint Thomas. (18)<br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TK-RYKoG22I/AAAAAAAABbc/AWmoObs7Oqs/s1600/Mount+Cross.JPG"></a><br /><br /><strong>Duarte Barbosa.</strong><br /><br />Duarte Barbosa was a Portuguse traveller who came to India with Cabral in 1501. When Cabaral left Malabar with Joseph the Indian and others, Barbosa started exploring the country. Barbosa has written a lot about Christians in Malabar. He reports “ they say mass on altars like ours with a cross in front of them. And he who says mass is in the middle of the altar, and those who assist him are at the sides” (19) Again, Barbosa describes the ancient church at cape Comorin- “At this cape Comory there is ancient church of Christians, which was founded by the Armeninas, who still direct it, and perform in it the divine service of Christians and have crosses on the altars” (20)<br />These paragraphs clearly state the situation of Saint Thomas Christians just before the arrival of Portuguese. It is assumed that Barbosa completed his book by 1514-1517 period. He has clearly documented the crosses in our churches and our devotion to the cross. If you read this together with Gouvea, it is evident that these crosses are those of Mylappore. Barbosa also talks about the tradition of martyrdom of Apostle Thomas at Mylappore.<br /><br /><strong>The narrations of Joseph the Indian</strong><br /><br />Joseph the Indian describes about the churches of Saint Thomas Christians in AD 1501 and reports that they have only crosses in their churches. The Latin text clearly states that there are no statues. Joseph also mentions about a big cross at the foundation of the churches- the open air rock cross. (21)<br /><br /><strong>Mundadan</strong><br />A M Mundadan describes that the Portuguese missionaries of the 16th century found that the Churches of the Saint Thomas Christians had no statues, but only crosses, without the figure of Jesus. They had it in Gold, silver, wood and granite stones. The Our lady of Mercy Church at Quilon, where Mar Sabor was buried, had three altars, each having a cross on it , a golden cross on the central altar and silver crosses on the side altars. One of these silver crosses was given to Captain Albuquerque as a gift to King Manuel of Portugal in AD 1503..(22)<br /><br /><strong>Lotus, Dove and Cross</strong><br /><br />The salient feature of these crosses is lotus on the bottom and dove on the top on a decorative cross without the figure of Jesus. Crosses with the figure of Jesus- the crucifix became popular only by 12th century in the Latin Church. (23) The ancient Christian communities used the cross as an emblem without the figure of Jesus.<br /><br />The emblem of cross has been considered very important by the primitive Christian community. The cross has been considered the sign of Jesus. ‘And then the sign of Son of man will appear in the heaven and all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see the Son of Man coming upon the clouds of heaven with power and great glory.( Matthew 24:30)<br />The East Syrian liturgy of hours says that the sliba will be held by Gabriel on the day of last judgement The Latin church liturgy says the sign of cross appear in the sky on the day of second coming of Jesus. Mar Epharaim considerd the sliba as a sign that appear before the second coming of Jesus. Luke says ‘Was it not necessary that the Messiah should suffer these things and enter into his glory?"(Luke 24: 26) From these, we can see that the Cross is a sign of salvation in Mishiha. Cross reminds us about the victory of Jesus over death. It is the sign of eternal life. The whole theme of the Jesus’s incarnation was salvation- eternal life. It was the victory of Jesus and salvation- eternal life, not the death on cross was the central theme of the faith. That was the reason why crucifix was not used in the primitive church. Later, in Latin Church, by the influence of piety on the sufferings of Jesus, Crucifix was evolved. (24) As all know, different statues and Crucifix came to India by Portuguese missionaries and they forcefully introduced these to Saint Thomas Christians replacing our religio cultural symbol, the Cross of Saint Thomas’ Christians. The proof for this is seen in the legitimate attempts of mutilation of many of the Saint Thomas Crosses.<br /><br /><br />Lotus has been considered as a symbol of Budhism and it became the symbol of India itself due the influence of Budhism especially during the time of Ashoka.. It symbolises purity also. We can see many Indian Gods standing on lotus in various art forms.<br /><br />Lotus and Cross is the main theme of most of the ancient crosses found in the Chineese provinces.(25) In one of the Chineese crosses, fire or a flame also seen on the top.<br /><br />The dove depicts the Holy Spirit. Dove and cross is a popular design in the ancient church. A dove descending onto a cross is seen on the sarcophagus of Arch Bishop Theodore who died in AD 691, in Ravenna in Italy. (26). In the Apse mosaic of Saint John Lateran, Rome, show an empty cross with a dove descending beak first onto it.(27) Professor Gensichen of Heidelberg suggests that the cross and dove iconographic tradition of south India conforms with the mainstream Christian tradition of that time. (28) John F Butler discusses the cross and dove in his paper ‘Further thoughts on the South Indian Crosses’ he describes a 15th century orprey showing the father seated in a shrine within the top arm of the cross and a dove descending from his lap with the beak almost touching the INRI titulus which is immediately above the son’s head., in Whitworth Art Gallery, University of Manchester. Another orprey shows a dove descending onto the titulus of the cross above the son’s head.kept in the At gallery of the Corporation of Burnley.. These shows the dove as the Holy Spirit in the Trinity of Father, son and the dove.(29)<br /><br /><strong>Symbolism and Inculturation in the Cross of Saint Thomas.</strong><br /><br />The Cross of Saint Thomas is the best example of Inculturation. This is a Cross evolved in Indian culture.<br /><br /><strong>Symbolism of various elements</strong><br /><br />The elements of the Cross of Saint Thomas Christians have been analysed by various scholars. Rev Dr Varghese Pathikulangara, describes the Mar Thoma Cross with his immense knowledge in East Syriac theology, as a dynamic symbol of the death and resurrection of Jesus in the Indian context. It proclaims the theological, Christological, Pneumatological, Eschatological and ecclesiological specifications of Christian faith as the Thomas Christians practice in India. He considers this cross as an invaluable historical data of the living faith of authentic Saint Thomas Christians.<br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCt3snnCQI/AAAAAAAABdo/962DNHyXOLc/s1600/Cross.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 179px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 180px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5526107915165305090" border="0" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCt3snnCQI/AAAAAAAABdo/962DNHyXOLc/s400/Cross.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br />The empty cross in imitation of the empty tomb symbolises the resurrection of Jesus. The blooming buds at the ends of the four arms of this cross symbolises the new life that is restored to man in the resurrection of Jesus.<br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCuYTt0-eI/AAAAAAAABdw/-_nJSth4f-c/s1600/Dove.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 188px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 206px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5526108475416181218" border="0" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCuYTt0-eI/AAAAAAAABdw/-_nJSth4f-c/s400/Dove.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br />The descending dove symbolise the Holy Spirit. As Saint Paul teaches, Holy Spirit transforms Jesus’ flesh body into Spirit Body and thus vivifies the dead Jesus Christ. (Rom 8, 11)<br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCug-k3MxI/AAAAAAAABd4/qXJK-LtMKDY/s1600/Lotus.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 206px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 224px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5526108624360256274" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCug-k3MxI/AAAAAAAABd4/qXJK-LtMKDY/s400/Lotus.jpg" /></a><br />The lotus on the bottom shows the Christian faith erected on Indian culture.<br />The three steps on the bottom of the lotus signify the gogulta, the Calvary.(30)<br /><br /><br /><strong>Comparisons with Indian art</strong><br /><br />The Mount Cross shows two pillars on either side with a round arch on the top. Jyothi Sahi, a Christian artist observed that this arch belongs to the well known torana type, also found in Buddhist and Hindu art. This arch springs from the opened mouth of an aquatic monster known as makara. The proto type of the makara torana can be seen in famous Kailasanadha temple of Ellora. Here, in a pillared chamber, the three river goddesses Ganga, Saraswathi and Jamuna are exquisitely carved under a makara torana against the background of rich floral designs.(31) In Ellora, the makara are sitting on the capitals while in Mount Cross, they sit on an abacus(plate)which is laid on the cushion. This type of Cushion capital with abacus can be seen in Mahabalipuram and at Vaikuntha Permal and Kailsanadha temples in Kanchipuram which are assigned to the middle of the eighth century , being built by the pallava dynasty. (32) Thus, it is clear that the Saint Thomas Cross encircled by the makara torana is an early perhaps the earliest example of inculturated Christian art in India. (33) This is clearly an inculturated Christian monument of authentic Thomasine Christians of South India.<br /><br /><strong>Iconoclasm by the Portuguese missionaries.</strong><br /><br />The Portuguese missionaries tried to get rid of this ancient monument and traditions of Saint Thomas Christians to replace it with the Western Christianity. Despite their force and might, the Church of Saint Thomas Christians was successful in keeping their apostolic experience of Christianity handed down from their forefathers. It is evident that the Portuguese missionaries destroyed or abandoned these crosses in our community deliberately to keep the Catholic Syriac community away from their memories of their ancient traditions to make them in conformity with the Latin rite after the Synod of Diamper and were replaced by the Crucifix introduced by the Portuguese missionaries. We can see that the Saint Thomas Crosses at Goa and Muttuchira are found mutilated. The cross at Kothanallor was made invisible by covering it by plaster, (but it became visible when the plaster started falling away from the granite cross). The cross at Alengadu was just abandoned in the ground and was found accidentally. Surprisingly, the original Cross found at Saint Thomas Mount was preserved by the Portuguese as it has sweat blood and played miracles. It has to be noted that there were no Saint Thomas Christian community at Mylappore at that time and hence, preserving it would not cause any consequences for their proselitysation efforts where as in Malabar, it will cause the community to go back to the old East Syriac heritage. The crosses at Kottayam were preserved well in the altar as the Church there was not under the control of the Portuguese missionaries.<br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Saint Thomas’ Christians’ Cross or Manichaen Cross ?</strong><br /><br />There has been deliberate attempts from a section in the Syro Malabar Church to portrait the Saint Thomas’ Cross as Manichaen cross. I think these were part of the group politics in the church in the 1990s regarding the appointment of Major Arch Bishop.<br /><br /><strong>Manichaen theory and Burnell</strong><br /><br />The Manichaen theory came into the arena from A C Burnell who was an archaeologist. Burnell studied about the Pahlavi inscriptions in India. Burnell proposes that the earliest Christian settlements in India were Persian, not Syrian as Pahlavi was the language in Persia until AD 650. He argues that it was Gnosticism and Manichaeism that was prevalent in Persia not Christianity and hence he proposes that the so called early Christians in Kerala were Manichaens. He has based his arguments on certain references about Manichaen missions to Hind and Sin from Manichaen epistles, witness of Cosmas Indecapleutes in AD 6th century about presence of Persian Christians and Persian Bishop, presence of Pahlavi language in different crosses and Copper plates. In a nutshell, Burnell’s argument is that as the early so called Christians were Persian, they should be Manichaens as Christianity in Perisan empire was vogue during the period of Sassaninas. Burnell Published his article in AD 1874 in Indian Antiquary. There was a series of discussions in Indian Antiquary with different arguments from Col H Yule-Indian Antiquary Jan 1875 p8-10, Richard Collins - Indian Antiquary May 1875 pp153-155, Burnell’s reply in June 1875 pp181-183, Collins again in Oct 1875 pp 311-314. From these articles, it seems that Burnell disagree with the St Thomas’s Apostolate in India and accuses that it was the Roman Catholic missionaries who supported the local legends about Saint Thomas, the Apostle to make it a history. He agrees that the inscriptions on these crosses are not Manichaen but Christian itself and argues that those were made to convert the Manichaens. He interprets the inscriptions as “who is the true messiah and God above and Holy Ghost”. Burnell wrote, ‘This statement appears intended to contradict the Manichaen doctrine that the crucified messiah was the son of a poor widow, and not Jesus. If these Pahlavi inscriptions were Manichaean, they would be in a different character. It seems to me, not unlikely, however, that relics of the manichaens may yet remain to be discovered on the west coast of the peninsula where they once were very numerous’. (34)<br />But even after 135 years, so far we have not seen any of those relics of Manichaeism yet. From these, Burnell agrees that these crosses were Christian crosses with Christian inscriptions meant to convert the earlier Manichaens to orthodoxy by the so called Nestorians who came later. He again argues that Nestorians would not have used Pahlavi language but the use here is meant for the earlier Manichaens!<br /><br /><strong>Persian Christian monument- Collins</strong><br /><br />Collins argues against it and states that Burnell’s interpretation of the cross inscriptions itself are not Manichaen but Christian and they simply connect the Malabar Christians with Persia during some time in the Sassanian dynasty. There are Syrian documents which tell us that the Christians of Malabar were early connected to urrhoi or Edessa and those are enough to account for any amount of Persian antiquities now discoverable, without the supposition that the only Persian arrivals were manichaens. Collins also discusses about Burnells argument that manigramams were manichaens and declares that “there may indeed have been Manichaens in South India and in Ceylon; but I do not think we have found any certain trace of them at present, and we shall most certainly be mislead if we begin to look up all the word beginning with mani”. He concludes that the manichaen origin of Christianity in South India, then, is a thorough miserrimus dexter and we may safely shelve the subject till the ‘relics of manichaens’ actually do come to light. (35) Burnells’s main argument for Manichaen theory was that, as Manichaens were stronger and Christians were very vogue in existence in the Sassanian kingdom during the period, the Persian settlers should be manichaen. Fr Jacob Kollamparambil comments that Burnell’s understanding of Persian Christianity and its history is defective.(36) Fr Kollamparabil writes that Christianity in the Persian empire from the early centuries was much different from what Burnell wrote. Under the Sassanian rule from 3rd century to 8th century, the East Syrian Church had gathered considerable strength in Persia proper, Khuzistan, Babylonia, Adiabene, and Mesopotamia. Towards the end of the Sassanian rule, , before the Isalmic conquest, in the middle of the 7th century, the Metropolitan Province of Riwardushir alone in Persia had grown into a super province having 18 suffragan eparchies.(37) Even though Manichaeism was favoured in Sassanian rule under Shapor I (AD 240-273), it had lost the favour and under Bahram-I (AD 274-277), Manichaens were persecuted and Mani was executed.<br /><br />After Burnell- Collins dispute in Indian Antiquary, the Manichaen theory was refuted and discredited and became dead among scholarly historians and many new articles were published from scholars the gave strong evidence of the presence of the Church of the East in Persia and its connections to India . (38)<br /><br /><strong>Pahlavi- the language of Persian Christians</strong><br /><br />Church of Rewardashir of Fars was one of a definite stream of the East Syrian church with its own culture. The Indian church was under the Metropolitan of Fars until the time of Patriarch Timothy I . The Metropilitanate of Fars had some differences from the Patriarcate of Ctesiphon based on the usage of Pahlavi language, besides issues like ordination of Bishops and monasticism. The Church of Ctesiphon had Syriac as its liturgical language whereas Church of Fars (Persia) used Pahlavi as its liturgical language in the 5th century. (39) The Bishop Ma’na of Rew Ardashir had made a Pahlavi Bible in contrast to the Peshitta Bible, in AD 420 and a copy of it had been excavated in 1966in Turfan in China. And is now kept in Berlin. (40)<br /><br /><br />Thus, even when the East Syrian Patriarcate was based at Ctesiphon after AD 420, Church at Fars developed into a parallel ecclesiastical centre and during the period 554- 790, Metropolitan of Fars separated his diocese from the Patriarch of Ctesiphone and himself ordained the Bishops for the six Bishoprics under him. The six towns of Bet Qatraye/ Bahraine- oman, Socotora and coastal south west India were also under the Bishopric of Pars.(41) The Catholicose of East Syrian Church Isho Yab III (650-658) records that in his day, the Metropiolitan of Rew Ardashir was responsible not only for the dioceses Fars alone but also for India, a geographical concept in which he included the places between the maritime borders of the Sassanid kingdom to the country called Qal’ah in Malayan peninsula, covering a distance of 12300 parasangs. (42)<br /><br /><strong>If Manichean, why only in India ?</strong><br /><br />Pius Malekkandathil also discusses the Manichean theory in his article Saint Thomas Christians;A historical analysis of their origin and development up to 9th century AD. He argues that it is true that some Manichaen texts speak of Manichaen missionaries travelling to India, if they were Manichaen crosses, it should have found in places, where Manichaen doctrines got wide acceptance. Since it had more lasting impact on the western church than on Indian church , these crosses should have been found more in Europe, but so far none is recovered from Europe or from the heartland of Manichaeism. (43)<br /><br /><strong>Did Manicheans ever venerate a Cross?</strong><br /><br />Fr Jacob Kollamparambil asks, did Manichaens ever venerate a cross ? According to Manichaen principles, Jesus did not die on a cross but it was a substitute. Mani also did not die on a cross. Mani was imprisoned by Bahram I and died in the prison in chains. His corpse was pierced through with a buming torch and then mutilated. The severed head was hung up over the city gate of Bet- lapat. His remains were buries by his followers at Ctesiphon (44) So, cross is nothing important to Manichaens and then why would Manichaens venerate a cross?<br /><br /><strong>Religious Symbol of Saint Thomas Christians</strong><br /><br />Rev Dr George Nedungatt certifies Saint Thomas’ Cross as “The Saint Thomas’ Cross has been dubbed by some critics as manichaen, but there is no valid reason for doing so…Neither Apostolic nor Manichaen in origin, the Saint Thomas’ Cross is a beautiful and meaningful religious symbol of the Thomas Christian tradition. (45)<br /><br /><br /><strong>Different Crosses.</strong><br /><br />The Pahlavi inscribed Crosses found in the Indian subcontinent are grouped into two designs. Both the designs are displayed together at Kottayam valiya palli on the side altars for comparison. One with round upper border, well defined dove on the top and lotus on the bottom with pillars and arch encircling the cross where as the second group has pointed uppoer end, ill defined dove and lotus and no pillars and arch.<br /><br /><strong>1 The Mount Cross- The Bleeding Cross</strong><br /><br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCvFJDYcII/AAAAAAAABeA/v7EGrIS5dYo/s1600/Mount+Cross.JPG"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 400px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5526109245647908994" border="0" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCvFJDYcII/AAAAAAAABeA/v7EGrIS5dYo/s400/Mount+Cross.JPG" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />This is the first discovered Persian Cross. Mylappore has been considered as the site of martyrdom and the burial place of saint Thomas the Apostle . Saint Thomas’ Christians had a tradition of annual pilgrimage to Mylappore from ancient times. Marco Polo in AD 1293, wrote that the body of Saint Thomas the apostle lies in this province of maabar in a ‘little town’ , John of Monte Carvino AD 1292-1293 wrote that he stayed in the country of India wherein stands the church of Saint Thomas the Apostle for thirteen months and baptised people and buried his companion in the church of Saint Thomas. Yule’s Cathay reports Blessed Oderic (AD 1324-25) visiting Malabar,( he uses the term ‘Minibar’) and then another ten days journey to Mobaar where laid the body of Thomas Apostle. . And John De Marignolli in AD 1349 visiting Columbuim- Quilon and then proceeding to visit the shrine of the Apostle Thomas in Mirapolis . Nocola De Conti (AD 1425-1430) visited maritime city names Malepur situated in the second gulf of India- Bay of Bengal-where the body of Saint Thomas is honourably buried .(46) Narrations of Joseph, the Indian (AD 1501)confirms that Saint Thomas’ Christians go to Mylappore on pilgrimage where the body of Saint Thomas is buried. (47) Duarte Barbosa also reports the prevailing tradition in AD1514 that Mylappore was the site of martyrdom and the tomb of Saint Thomas the Apostle. (48) This proves that the tradition about Mylappore was present even before Portuguese.<br /><br /><br />When the first Portuguese arrived there, there was no building, only foundation walls that rose above the ground about 1 cubit, stretching east to west. The first Portuguese missionaries built a small oratory on this foundation in AD 1523.Later, in 1547, they decided to build a larger church and when they dug found another foundation, also east to west on the Tuesday 23/03/1547 which was unknown. They continued digging down and at 3 cubic, they found the ‘Holy Stone’. This stone was of the size of a mile stone with the cross engraved on it, facing down with fresh blood stains on it. This narration was taken by a Bishop from the elders of the area and from the writings of Nuno Luis and from others and publish (49)<br /><br />The cross has raised edges and is round on the top. The Pahlavi inscriptions are on this round edge with a small cross in between two parts of the inscriptions. The cross inside is surrounded by two pillars and an arch surrounding it. The arch originates from the open mouth of something like an aquatic creature.<br /><br />The cross has three steps on the bottom, three downward facing petals and upward facing floral petals looks like a lotus on which the cross is erected. The cross shows the arms ends in a bud pattern. The bottom arm a bit longer than the rest. A dove is seen facing downwards on the top arm. The entire structure is like a niche in which the cross and pillars are carved.<br /><br /><strong>Kottayam Valiyapalli Crosses- 2 in number</strong><br /><br />Two similar crosses are found in Kottayam Valiya palli, on either side altars. The one on the south alter is exactly similar in design to the Mount cross but the one on the north alter is a bit different. These are the two different designs of Persian Crosses found in the Indian subcontinent.<br /><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong>2 Cross at north altar. (Left side)</strong><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCvQykPc1I/AAAAAAAABeI/yuEdI5XqWFM/s1600/Kottayam+valiyapalli+cross-1.JPG"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 400px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5526109445770146642" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCvQykPc1I/AAAAAAAABeI/yuEdI5XqWFM/s400/Kottayam+valiyapalli+cross-1.JPG" /></a><br />This cross is smaller with a pointed border compared to the round upper border of the Mount cross. The pillars and arch are not seen.<br />The border around the cross is pointed, and the Pahlavi inscription is over the edge of the slab outside the border. The petals on the bottom of the cross is different from that of Mount Cross. They are mainly directed downwards with a small bud upwards on either ends. The arms of the cross are almost equal in length, but the ends show an additional button. The dove on the top is smaller, not very clear; it may be interpreted as a dove or even a flame.<br />This cross is considered to be the older one among the two.<br /><br /><strong>3 Cross at the south altar.(Right side)</strong><br /><br /><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCveJaHvUI/AAAAAAAABeQ/tJ8Y2QEoI7A/s1600/Kottayam+valiyapalli+cross-2.JPG"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 400px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5526109675240013122" border="0" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCveJaHvUI/AAAAAAAABeQ/tJ8Y2QEoI7A/s400/Kottayam+valiyapalli+cross-2.JPG" /></a><br /><br />This is larger and the design is identical to the Mount cross.. Four arms are almost equal in length but ends shows an additional tongue shaped structure besides the three button/bud design. In the centre where all the four arms meet, there is a circular floral design. The dove is well defined and clear. On the bottom, three steps are clear, the downward facing petals are more like concentric semicircles but the upward facing petals are similar to mount cross floral arrangement.<br />The Pahlavi inscriptions are on the raised round edges of the slab on the top. There is additional East Syriac inscriptions are also seen on the bottom raised edge of the slab. Below the syriac inscriptions, there are 5 or 6 floral design seen. Above this whole design, another small cross similar to mount cross with two peacocks kissing the ends of the side arms and a floral decocoration above it. This part is not well visible now as it is covered by the wooden decoration of the church altar but described by Joseph Vazhuthanappalli and other authors. (50)<br /><br /><strong>4 Kothanalloor Cross.</strong><br /><br /><br /><br />This is found at the Gervasis and Prothasis church at Kothanalloor of the Syro Malabar Catholic Church. This church was believed to be founded by Persian Bishops Mar Sabour and Afroath in AD 826. Mar Sabour and Afroath were two twin brothers. This cross was found on the northern wall of the church covered with plaster on 14/09/1987. (51) This seems to be a deliberate attempt to hide away the cross. Now, the cross is installed in a small chapel outside the church near the presbytery. It is believed that the original church was in Pallikkunnu and when they moved to the present site, the cross was installed on the side wall and probably someone deliberately wanted to cover it with plaster to remove the memories of Mar Sabour and Afroath. When the synod of Diamper declared <a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCwj1yekTI/AAAAAAAABe4/vdOhb1Yp1Qk/s1600/Kothanalloor+Cross.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 300px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5526110872564306226" border="0" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCwj1yekTI/AAAAAAAABe4/vdOhb1Yp1Qk/s400/Kothanalloor+Cross.jpg" /></a>Mar Sabor and Afroath as heretics and commanded all the churches dedicated to Sabour and Afroth should be rededicated to all saints. As the community was resilient to give up the twin saints popularly known as Kantheesangal, (syriac word kantheesangal means holy men) the missionaries found another twin saints from Milan – Saints Gervais and Prothasis who lived in AD 160-180 and were martyrs and renamed this church after them, but the name Kantheesangal continued. This seems that the people were tricked by installing a set of different twin saints in the same name Kantheesangal. This cross is similar to the smaller cross at Kottayam Valiyapally with pointed upper border but no inscriptions. The three steps are seen, the petal arrangement below the cross is identical to the smaller Kottayam cross. Four arms are equal in length and ends show the additional bud on the three button arrangement which is projecting into the raised border. The dove on the top is not very clear, it is small and can be interpreted as a flame or fire.<br /><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong>5 Muttuchira Cross.</strong><br /><br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCwuhMOF2I/AAAAAAAABfA/dIsDLZPFyEg/s1600/Muttuchira+Cross.JPG"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 400px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5526111056013694818" border="0" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCwuhMOF2I/AAAAAAAABfA/dIsDLZPFyEg/s400/Muttuchira+Cross.JPG" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />This was found in Ruha’D Qudisha Forane Church, Muttuchira of the Syro Malabar Catholic church.<br />The history and details of this cross is well described on a granite slab in vattezhuthu which is lying neglected on the surrounding of the church!<br /><br />This cross is similar in design to the smaller cross at Kottyam Valiyapalli and Kothanalloor crosses, but the border is not pointed, but rounded. There is no pillar or arch, the Pahlavi inscriptions are seen on the round edge.These inscriptions are seen partially mutilated raising the suspicion that it was also subject to destruction by authorities.<br />The design of the cross is similar to the Kothanalloor cross- equal arms, design of the petal arrangements below the cross, and the dove is inconspicuous, like a flame or fire.<br /><br />The Muttuchira rock inscriptions in vattezhuthu tell us about installation of this cross in AD 1580 by Mar Simon, a Chaldean Bishop. It is not clear whether it was a re-erection of an old cross.<br /><br /><strong>6 Alengadu Cross.</strong><br /><br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCv1dF7PoI/AAAAAAAABeg/x8yMMdgzS4Y/s1600/Alengadu+Cross.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 345px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5526110075661008514" border="0" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCv1dF7PoI/AAAAAAAABeg/x8yMMdgzS4Y/s400/Alengadu+Cross.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />This is found near Saint Mary’s Forane Church at Alengadu, of the Syro Malabar Catholic church. This cross was abandoned and was lying like a mile stone. It was identified only in AD 1931 and is installed in a roadside chapel near the church.<br />This cross is similar to the smaller cross of Koottayam valiyapally. There is no arch and pillars. The border is pointed and there are Pahlavi inscription on the border. The dove is small and inconspicuous seen like a flame or fire.<br /><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong>7 Kadamattom Cross.</strong><br /><br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCwJ6wz1jI/AAAAAAAABew/w89his2ITNI/s1600/Kadamattom+Cross.JPG"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 400px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5526110427222890034" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCwJ6wz1jI/AAAAAAAABew/w89his2ITNI/s400/Kadamattom+Cross.JPG" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />This cross is found on the south wall of the altar of the Syrian Orthodox Church at Kadamattom. This cross is in a niche with two pillars and arch surrounding the cross. Pahlavi inscriptions are on the raised edge of the niche as in Mount Cross. The four arms are equal in length. The dove does not show definite anatomy of a bird, it could be a fire. The petal arrangement on the bottom of the cross is similar to Mount cross. The steps are clear. On the bottom of the niche, where we see the syriac inscriptions in Kottayam valiyapalli cross, there are five vertical lines seen as five small pillars. There is an oblique grove connecting the second and third lines making it like N, make it read as INRI, but the R is not clear. If it is INRI, it may be a later addition after the arrival of Portuguese.<br /><br /><strong>8 Goa cross- Agassim cross<br /></strong><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TK-TKVp_OnI/AAAAAAAABb0/X6uXuHzRBQU/s1600/Agassim+Cross.jpg"></a><br /><br /><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCvrfFmFmI/AAAAAAAABeY/pwIHTaLqD0A/s1600/Agassim+Cross.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 287px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5526109904397801058" border="0" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCvrfFmFmI/AAAAAAAABeY/pwIHTaLqD0A/s400/Agassim+Cross.jpg" /></a><br />This was discovered by Fr Cosme Costa SFX, an archaeologist cum historian of the Pilar Society of Goa accidentally on 27th of April 2001. This was found in a mound of Rock in a thicket in the premises of Saint Peter’s chapel at Dandiin Agaism at the fag end of the old port of Gopakapattana. This was actually the base of granite cross of Latin design- plain cross- which had crumbled down around 1995 on a cyclonic storm and was neglected since then. This Persian cross was hidden inside the mound and had come out and was about to fall into the sea. This was a granite slab with a Persian cross similar to the Mount cross- the two pillars and the arch encircling the Persian cross in a niche carved in granite. The round edge of the upper part shows the same Pahlavi inscriptions. The cross is similar to mount cross with dove above, three steps and the petal arrangement as in mount cross, equal armed cross with ends like a bud.<br />There was a Portuguese inscription on the bottom of the niche. This cross was broken and only 4/5th of the cross were found. Hence half of the Pahlavi inscriptions are lost. The Portuguese inscriptions runs like this- ‘…A DE s.TOME…..DO R….ILEZ VS…..642…..’which has been interpreted as ‘A deS (Sao) Tome…do R(Regiao?) Ilez (Ilhas?) vs (Vizinhas?)…642(1642)’ It could be roughly translated as That which belongs to Saint Thomas’ (Christians?) from the region of (the neighbouring) islands (Tiswadi) 1642’<br />This cross is unique in that we can see the evidence that this Persian cross was destroyed and put in the mound and erected a Latin cross instead o the same site.(52)<br /><br /><strong>Other crosses<br /><br />8 Kaduthuruthy cross<br /></strong><br />Ths is seen on the baptismal font at Kaduthurythy valiyapalli. It is of 9th century AD. I have not seen this cross personally. The information is from Fr Jacob Kollamparambil’s article in the Christian orient.<br /><br /><strong>9.Changanacherry Cross.</strong><br /><br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCv9aI7moI/AAAAAAAABeo/MXmPQ8wuw98/s1600/Changanacherry+Cross.JPG"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 400px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 343px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5526110212307262082" border="0" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCv9aI7moI/AAAAAAAABeo/MXmPQ8wuw98/s400/Changanacherry+Cross.JPG" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br />There are two crosses found at Changanacherry valiyapalli.<br />One at the open air rock cross and the other inside the oldest church, on the left side of the new church. The cross has four steps on the bottom, There is no figure of Jesus, and there is a dove on the top as descending down and on either sides, there are two doves kissing the ends of the cross.(53) There is a similar cross at Kottayam Cheriya palli also, on the front of the church, above the archdoor that opens into the portico. Here, instead of two doves on either side, we can see two peacocks on either side.<br />Above the larger cross of Kottayam valiyapalli also, we can see a similar design, with two peacocks on either side, but that is now hidden in the decorative wood work of the altar.<br /><br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCw333H2bI/AAAAAAAABfI/kHHDd6Y-HMs/s1600/Kottayam+CheriaPalli.JPG"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 400px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5526111216718043570" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LC7MG-gZ59k/TLCw333H2bI/AAAAAAAABfI/kHHDd6Y-HMs/s400/Kottayam+CheriaPalli.JPG" /></a><br /><br /><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><strong>The story told by these Pahlavi crosses.</strong><br /><br />On detailed analysis, we can see that these Pahlavi crosses reveal a mine of very interesting information. It tells us the tradition of saint Thomas Christians and their veneration of Cross. It gives a hint that these crosses were present in the past and revived 6-7 th centuries by putting the Pahlavi inscriptions around it and made copies everywhere. It also tell us the story of Iconoclasm by the Portuguese.<br /><br />The Pahlavi crosses at Mylappore and Kottyam were kept and venerated in the church. The Pahlavi crosses in Syro Malabar churches all were seen neglected or damaged- Kothanalloor hidden in the wall covered with plaster, Muttuchira seen mutilated, Alengadu seen neglected and thrown away and found on the wayside. Only those churches which after 1663, remained with the Jacobite Syrians or under Dutch or British control like that of Mylappore could preserve the Pahlavi crosses intact. (54)<br />It is evident that all these Pahlavi crosses in South India bear same inscriptions and there are evidences that these inscriptions are unintelligent copies. CPT Winkworth has done extensive research on these Pahlavi inscriptions and concludes that the Mount cross is the original one and the rest must be copies of it. (55) He found that all these crosses bear Pahlavi inscriptions but with minor differences in the letters and on careful study, found that these are unintelligent copies. He argues that a series of rubbings on paper arranged in the order to reproduce the inscriptions and while doing so, many characters were not reproduced correctly as the sculpture was illiterate in Pahlavi and many characters were mirror images as he used the reverse side of the paper or medium used for rubbings At one part, the letter was upside down. By his studies, he argues that the smaller Kottayam cross was a reasonably intelligent copy of the Mount cross, from which the larger Kottayam cross was copied and the Kadamattom cross was a very unintelligent copy of the Kottayam larger cross. This shows that by 8-9 centuries, our leaders tried to copy this cross and spread over to the whole community.<br /><br />CPT Winkworth’s interpretation of the inscriptions suggest that the Mount Cross was re erected by the inscriber. His interpreted the inscriptions like this:- (56)<br /><br /><br />(a)‘ My Lord Christ, have mercy upon Afras, son of Chaharbukht, the Syrian who cut this’<br /><br />(b) My Lord Christ, have mercy upon Afras, son of Chahrbukht, the Syrian who preserved this’<br /><br />(c )My Lord Christ, have mercy upon Afras, son of chahrbukht, the Syrian who put this around’<br />The interpretation (b) and (c) are amendments of (a) after studying the inscriptions on all replicas of these crosses well, analysing more clear pictures and discussing with other scholars in an international meeting which included scholars from Iran also.<br /><br />On analysing the inscription itself, we can assume that these inscriptions were entered by Afras, son of Chaharbukht, the Syrian. It also says, Afras has preserved this/put it around. That means, the cross without any inscriptions was already there, and Afras found it and preserved it- put it up. Putting an inscription around a cross is not a meritorious act, but setting up a cross or preserving a neglected cross is definitely a meritorious act. (57) This raises the possibility that the Mount cross was found by Afras and he preserved it in AD 650 period.<br /><br />Famous Malabar Historian T K Joseph argues that ‘it may justify the supposition that the cross without inscriptions had been in existence on the Coromandel coast prior to the time of Mar Sabour Afroath who arrived in AD 825. We may also presume that on his visit from Quilon to the Mailappore tomb of Saint Thomas and the mount church or its ruins, Afras found the cross in a neglected condition and preserved it’. (58) Then he or the Christians of Malabar made copies of it in Malabar and that became our tradition from AD 825 onwards until the Portuguese found and witnessed the ‘Cross of saint Thomas’ in our churches.<br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Other interpretations</strong>.(59)<br /><br />Several scholars have interpreted the Pahlavi inscriptions on these crosses. Burnell was the first scholar who interpreted the inscriptions.<br /><br />A C Burnell- ‘In punishment by the cross (was) the sufferings of this one. Who is the true Christ and God above and guide ever pure.’<br /><br />Martin Haug ‘He who believes in the messiah and in God on high and also in the Holy Ghost is in the grace of Him who bore the pain of the cross’<br /><br />E M West- (a) ‘what freed the true Messiah, the forgiving, the upraising from hardships<br />(b)He whom the sufferings of the self same messiah, the forgiving and upraising, has saved is offering the plea whose origin was the agony of this’<br /><br />Harlez- ‘He who is the true messiah the reconciler, the resuscitator, for ever punished by virtue of the crucifixion’<br /><br />Sanjana- (a) Such was the affliction of the wounding and spearing of him on the cross who was the faithful messiah is forgiver of superior dignity , the descendant of Chaharbukt’<br />(b) Messiah the merciful one, the descendant of the Great Abraham who was the descendant of Chahar bukht’<br />(c ) ‘He , of whom the faithful messiah was a foregiver was highly exalted. He was redeemed frommthe four regions of hell. This was due to the afflictions of the spearing and wounding of the messiah on the cross’<br />(d) ‘This was the affliction on the cross even of the messiah of jehova’<br /><br />Modi- ‘ I, a beautiful bird from Nineveh, have come to this country . Written Mar Shapor I whom the Holy messiah the forgiver freed from the thorn’<br /><br />CPT Winkworth- (a)‘ My Lord Christ, have mercy upon Afras, son of Chaharbukht, the Syrian who cut this’<br /><br />(b) My Lord Christ, have mercy upon Afras, son of Chahrbukht, the Syrian who preserved this’<br /><br />(c )My Lord Christ, have mercy upon Afras, son of chahrbukht, the Syrian who put this around’<br /><br />Gerd Gropp- ‘may our Lord the messiah have mercy on Gabriel, son of Chaharbukht, grandson of Durzad, who made this’ (60)<br /><br />May our Lord, the messiah have mercy on Sabriso, son of Caharboxt the deft, who sculpted this’ (61)<br /><br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br /><br />Saint Thomas Crosses are really inculturated Crosses of Saint Thomas Christians of Malabar and is the Religio cultural logo of the authentic Saint Thomas Christians. This glorious Cross is the living sign of Jesus’ victory over death, sin and sufferings. It is a symbol of risen Jesus. It denotes the tree of life, stem of Jesse, staff of comfort(Holy Spirit), Ark of Noah(Church), sign of Jesus’ life, death and resurrection and that of Christian perfection- sum total of old and new testaments.<br /><br />It is not a statue. It is a symbol of our tradition. Let us pray our Lord to guide us to keep the Apostolic experience of Christ received in our cultural milieu to pass over to our future generations and to become the authentic witness of our Apostolic heritage and the catholicity of the universal Church. (62)<br /><br /><br /><strong></strong><strong>Credits.</strong><br /><br /><br />Photograph of Agassim cross is taken from the book ‘Apostolic Christianity in Goa and in the west coast’ . Thanks to Rev. Fr. Cosme Jose Costa for permission to use the image in this article.<br /><br />The Title picture of Saint Thomas Cross and illustrations of lotus, cross and dove are taken from Mar Thoma Sliba wall calendar published by Denha Services. Thanks to Rev. Dr. Varghese Pathikulangara for permission to use those images in the article.<br /><br /><br /><br /><strong></strong><strong>References</strong><br /><br /><br />1.Catholic encyclopaedia, Archaeology of Cross and Crucifix, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04517a.htm accessed 10/10/2010<br /><br /><br />2. George Nedungatt, A Quest for the Historical Thomas Apostle of India, a rereading of Evidence,Theological publications in India, Bangalore, p 346<br /><br />3 Wikipedia article about swasthika-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika#cite_ref-Haarmann_2002.2C_20_9-0- archived on 11/09/2010.<br /><br />4 http://nasrani.net/2008/02/29/analogical-review-on-st-thomas-cross-the-symbol-of-nasranis/<br /><br /><br />5. G Nedungatt, Quest for the Historical Thomas Apostle of India, a rereading of evidence, 2008, Theological Publications in India, Bangalore, p346<br /><br />6.G Nedungattu, A Quest for the Historical Thomas Apostle of India, a rereading of Evidence,Theological publications in India, Bangalore p387<br /><br />7.Jacob Kollamparambil, The Persian Crosses in India are Christian, not Manichaen, Christian Orient, March 1994, p 29 citing Abdisho of Soba, Liber argaritae, tract IV, ch I and Tract T , ch 2<br /><br /><br />8.E Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran III, 2 Cambridge, 1983, p929, E E Herzfeld, Archaeological History of iran, London, 1930, pp 103-104, cited by Jacob Kollamparambil, The Persian Crosses in India are Christian, not Manichaen, Christian Orient, March 1994, p 30<br /><br />9.Jacob Kollamparambil, The Persian Crosses in India are Christian, not Manichaen, Christian Orient, March 1994 p 30<br /><br />10 H Hosten, Antiquities from San Thome and Mylappore,1936 pp474, 477-478, 484 , cited by John F Butler, The iconography of the ancient South Indian incised Crosses, Indian Church History Review,Vol VIII, No 2, 1969 p87<br /><br />11. T P Elias, East Syrian Missions to Asia with special reference to Malabar coast from sixth century to sixteenth century AD and its influence on Indian religious Society and Culture, Thesis submitted to the degree of Ph D in Syriac studies, Mahatma Gandhi University, India, p200<br /><br />12 T P Elias, East Syrian Missions to Asia with special reference to Malabar coast from sixth century to sixteenth century AD and its influence on Indian religious Society and Culture, Thesis submitted to the degree of Ph D in Syriac studies, mahatma Gandhi University, India, p146<br /><br /><br />)13. T P Elias, East Syrian Missions to Asia with special reference to Malabar coast from sixth century to sixteenth century AD and its influence on Indian religious Society and Culture, Thesis submitted to the degree of Ph D in Syriac studies, mahatma Gandhi University, India,pp154<br /><br />14.KSP seriers 5 p 237 H Hosten<br /><br /><br />15 Kerala Society Papers, series 5, Trivandrum, 1929, p 237<br /><br /><br />16 Gunnar Myhlman, The hidden string between the Indus valley bead culture and the Buddhist bead culture, http://www.ancientbead.com/IndusBuddhistCulture.html<br /><br /><br />17 Jornada of Alexis De Menesis: A Portuguse Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar, Ed. Dr. Pius Malekandathil, LRC Publications, Cochin, 2003, p244-245<br /><br /><br />18 Jornada of Alexis De Menesis: A Portuguese Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar, Ed. Dr. Pius Malekandathil, LRC Publications, Cochin, 2003, foot note p 245<br /><br />19 Duarte Barbosa, A description of the coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the beginning of Sixteenth century, p 162<br /><br />20Duarte Barbosa, , A description of the coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the beginning of Sixteenth century p 163<br /><br />21 Antony Vallavanthara, India in 1500 AD, Gorgias Press, pp166-167, 231<br /><br /><br />22 Jacob Kollamparambil, The Persian Crosses in India are Christian, not manichaen, Christian Orient, March 1994, p 30<br /><br />23 Joseph Perumthottam, Circular 10 Ch 67-114, Vedaprachara Madhyasthan, September 2010, p7<br /><br />24 Joseph Perumthottam, Circular 10 Ch 67-114, Vedaprachara madhyasthan, September 2010, p5<br /><br />25 http://usf.usfca.edu/ricci/events/lotusandcross/index.htm.<br /><br /><br />26 Eckerhard Bickelmann, The saint Thomas Cross, An early example of the inculturation of Christian art in india, Indian Church History Review, Vol IV, No 2 1970p66, John F Butler, Further thoughts on South Indian Crosses, Indian Church History Review, Vol IV, No 2, p74<br /><br />27 John F Butler, Further thoughts on South Indian Crosses, Indian Church History Review, Vol IV, No 2, p75<br /><br />28 Professor Dr D W Gensichen, Indian Church History Review, Vol IV, No 1 June 1970, p3 cited by John F Butler, Further thoughts on South Indian Crosses, ICHR, IV, No 2 p 76<br /><br />29 John F butler, Further thoughts on the South Indian Crosses, Indian Church History Review, Vol IV, No 2 1970, p73<br /><br />30 Varghese Pathikulangara, Mar Thoma Sleeva wall calendar, Denha Services, 2006<br /><br />31 C Sivarama Murti, Indian, Kunst and Kultur, Frielberg, 1975 cited by Eckehard Bickelmann, The saint Thomas Cross, an early example of the inculturation of Christian art in India, Indian Church History review, Vol IV No 2 p64<br /><br />32 Persy Brown, Indian Archetecture, Budhist and Hindu periods, 6th edition, Bombay, 1971, pp 73-77, cited by Eckerhard Eckehard Bickelmann, The saint Thomas Cross, an early example of the inculturation of Christian art in india, Indian Church History review, Vol IV No 2 p64-65<br /><br />33 Eckehard Bickelmann, The Saint Thomas Cross, an early example of the inculturation of Christian art in India, Indian Church History review, Vol IV No 2 p64<br /><br />34 A C Burnell, On some Pahlavi inscriptions in South India, Indian Antiquary, November 1874, p314<br /><br /><br />35 Richard Collins, Manichaens on the Malabar coast, Indian Antiquary, May 1875, pp153-155<br /><br />36 Jacob Kollamparambil, Persian crosses in India are Christian, not Manichaen,Christian orient, March 1994, pp24-35<br /><br />37 ( Jacob Kollamparambil, Persian crosses in India are Christian, not Manichaen Christian Orient, March 1994, citing W G Young, Patriarch, Shah and caliph, 1974 Rawalpindi, pp 41-44, 98-99<br /><br />38 (Jacob Kollamparambil, Persian crosses in India are Christian, not Manichaen Christian Orient p 29<br /><br /><br />39 Richard N Fyre, Bahraine under the Sassanians, in Daniel Potts, Ed. Dilmun: New Studies in the Archaeology and early History of Bahrain, Berlin, 1983, p 169, cited by P Malekkandathil, Saint Thomas Christians; A Historical analysis of their origin and development upto 9th century AD , in Saint Thomas Christians, Nambudiris Jews and Sangam literature, Ed Bosco Puthur, LRC Publications, Cochin, 2006p 42<br /><br />40 Pius Malekkandathil, Saint Thomas Christians; A Historical analysis of their origin and development upto 9th century AD , in Saint Thomas Christians, Nambudiris Jews and Sangam literature, Ed Bosco Puthur, LRC Publications, Cochin, 2006 p42 citing Gerd Gropp, Christian maritime trade of Sassanian age in the Persian gulf, p 85 and E schau, Vom Christentum in der Persis, pp 960 ff<br /><br /><br />41 Pius Malekkandathil, Saint Thomas Christians; A Historical analysis of their origin and development upto 9th century AD , in Saint Thomas Christians, Nambudiris Jews and Sangam literature, Ed Bosco Puthur, LRC Publications, Cochin, 2006, p;41 citing Gerd Gropp, Christian Maritime Trade of Sasanian age in the Persian Gulf, p 85, E Schau, Von Christnetum in der Persia, in Sitzungsberichte Preubischen Akademie der Wissenschdften, Berlin, 1916, p 965<br /><br />42 Pius Malekkandathil Saint Thomas Christians; A Historical analysis of their origin and development upto 9th century AD , in Saint Thomas Christians, Nambudiris Jews and Sangam literature, Ed Bosco Puthur, LRC Publications, Cochin, 2006p 41-42, citing O Braun, Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium: Scrtptores Syri, Ii p 252; B E Colles, Persian Merchants and Missionaries, pp 20-21. Medleycote also quotes Assemani, a letter of Jesuab of Adiabene Patriarch of the Nestorians, a.d.650-660( Assemani, Bibilotheca orientalis) in which he mentions Kalah as the extreme eastern terminus of his jurisdiction in the direction of India and beyond India proper.<br /><br />43 Pius Malekkandathil, Saint Thomas Christians; A Historical analysis of their origin and development upto 9th century AD , in Saint Thomas Christians, Nambudiris Jews and Sangam literature, Ed Bosco Puthur, LRC Publications, Cochin, 2006, p 43<br /><br />44 Jacob Kollamparambil, The Persian Crosses inn India are Christian, not Manichaen, in Christian Orient, March 1994, p 34-35, citing G Widengren, Mani and Manichaeism, New York, 1965, pp41-42 and K Rudolph, Gnosis, pp330-331.<br /><br />45 G Nedungatt, Quest for Historic Thomas Apostle of India, pp386-387.<br /><br /><br />46 AE Medleycot, Apostle Thomas, pp69- 73<br /><br />47 Antony Vallavanthara, India in 1500 AD Gorgias Press, pp214-215 and 259<br /><br />48 Duarte Barbosa, A description of the coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the beginning of Sixteenth century, Hakluyt Society, London, 1865, pp160-161, 174-175<br /><br />49 Kerala Society Papers, TK Joseph, Series II 9 p 215<br /><br /><br />50 Joseph Vazhuthanapalli, Archaeology of mar Sliba, p17<br /><br />51 Joseph Vazhuthanapalli, The archaeology of Mar Sliba p16<br /><br />52 Rev Fr Cosme Jose Costa, Apostolic Christianity in Goa and in the west coast, pp75-80<br /><br />53 Joseph vazhuthanappalli, Archaeology of mar Sliba, pp13-14<br /><br />54 Cosme Jose Costa, Apostolic chritianity in Goa and in the west coast, p88<br /><br />55 Kerala Society Papers, Series 3, A new interpretation of the Pahlavi cross inscriptions of South India, p159<br /><br />56 Kerala Society Papers, Series 3, A new interpretation of the Pahlavi cross inscriptions of South India, p159<br /><br />57 T K Joseph, Kerala Society Papers series 5 pp269-70<br /><br />58 T K Joseph, Kerala Society papers series 5 pp269-270<br /><br />59 Joseph vazhuthanappalli, Archaelogy of Mar Sliba, pp10-11, Kerala Society papers, p269<br /><br />60 Gerd Gropp, Die Pahlavi inschrift auf dem Thomaskreus in madras” Archaologisches Mitteilungen aus Iran, NF 3, 1970, pp267-271 cited by G Nedungattu, p386<br /><br />61 Ph Gignoux, “The Pahlavi inscriptions on Mount Saint Thomas Cross, South India”, Solving Riddles and untying knots: Biblical Epigraphic and Semitic studiesin Honour of J C Greenfield, Eisenbrauns, 1995,pp 411-422, cited by G Nedungattu, p386<br /><br />62 Mar Joseph Powathil, Church as a tradition, in ‘Church in its most basic elements’ Ed Paul pallath, Herder, Rome, 1995, pp 91-107.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong></strong>Martin Thomas Antonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03704015944108843540noreply@blogger.com0